Calculus Examples

$y = 2 x \sqrt{x^{2} - 2 x + 2}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Constant Multiple Rule.

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Step 1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x^{2} - 2 x + 2}$ as ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [2 x {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d x} [x {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$2 (x \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}] + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 2 x + 2$ .

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Step 3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} - 2 x + 2$ .

$2 (x (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$2 (x (\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} - 2 x + 2$ .

$2 (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$2 (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$2 (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$2 (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$2 (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$2 (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 8

Combine fractions.

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Step 8.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$2 (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 8.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$2 (x (\frac{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 8.3

Move ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$2 (x (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 8.4

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$2 (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 2] + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 9

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 2 x + 2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [2]$ .

$2 (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 10

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 11

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$2 (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 12

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 13

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$2 (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2 + \frac{d}{d x} [2]) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 14

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$2 (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2 + 0) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 15

Add $2 x - 2$ and $0$ .

$2 (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 16

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1)$

Step 17

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$2 (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}})$

Step 18

Simplify.

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Step 18.1

Apply the distributive property.

$2 (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2)) + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 18.2

Combine terms.

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Step 18.2.1

Combine $\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x \cdot 2}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 18.2.2

Move $2$ to the left of $x$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 18.2.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 x}{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 18.2.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{x}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x - 2) + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 18.3

Reorder terms.

$(2 x - 2) \frac{x}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 18.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 18.4.1

Multiply $2 x - 2$ by $\frac{x}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{(2 x - 2) x}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 18.4.2

Factor $2$ out of $2 x - 2$ .

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Step 18.4.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x$ .

$\frac{(2 (x) - 2) x}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 18.4.2.2

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$\frac{(2 (x) + 2 (- 1)) x}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 18.4.2.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x) + 2 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (x - 1) x}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 18.5

To write $2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{2 (x - 1) x}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2 (x - 1) x + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 18.7.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x - 1) x + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 18.7.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x - 1) x$ .

$\frac{2 ((x - 1) x) + 2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.1.2

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 ((x - 1) x) + 2 ({(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.1.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 ((x - 1) x) + 2 ({(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$\frac{2 ((x - 1) x + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (x \cdot x - 1 x + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.3

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 1 x + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.4

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - x + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.5

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 18.7.5.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - x + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}})}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.5.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - x + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}})}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.5.3

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - x + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{2}{2}})}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.5.4

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - x + {(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{1})}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.6

Simplify ${(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{1}$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - x + x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.7

Add $x^{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (2 x^{2} - x - 2 x + 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7.8

Subtract $2 x$ from $- x$ .

$\frac{2 (2 x^{2} - 3 x + 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$