Calculus Examples

$y = \ln (\sec^{2} (x^{3})) - (\log (x^{2} + 1))$

Step 1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $\ln (\sec^{2} (x^{3})) - (\log (x^{2} + 1))$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [\ln (\sec^{2} (x^{3}))] + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\ln (\sec^{2} (x^{3}))] + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [\ln (\sec^{2} (x^{3}))]$ .

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Step 2.1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \ln (x)$ and $g (x) = \sec^{2} (x^{3})$ .

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Step 2.1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $\sec^{2} (x^{3})$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\ln (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{2} (x^{3})] + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.1.2

The derivative of $\ln (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{1}{u_{1}}$ .

$\frac{1}{u_{1}} \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{2} (x^{3})] + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $\sec^{2} (x^{3})$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{2} (x^{3})} \frac{d}{d x} [\sec^{2} (x^{3})] + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = \sec (x^{3})$ .

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Step 2.2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $\sec (x^{3})$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{2} (x^{3})} (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x^{3})]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{2} (x^{3})} (2 u_{2} \frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x^{3})]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $\sec (x^{3})$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{2} (x^{3})} (2 \sec (x^{3}) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x^{3})]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \sec (x)$ and $g (x) = x^{3}$ .

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Step 2.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{3}$ as $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{2} (x^{3})} (2 \sec (x^{3}) (\frac{d}{d u_{3}} [\sec (u_{3})] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}])) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.3.2

The derivative of $\sec (u_{3})$ with respect to $u_{3}$ is $\sec (u_{3}) \tan (u_{3})$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{2} (x^{3})} (2 \sec (x^{3}) (\sec (u_{3}) \tan (u_{3}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}])) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{3}$ with $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{2} (x^{3})} (2 \sec (x^{3}) (\sec (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}])) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

$\frac{1}{\sec^{2} (x^{3})} (2 \sec (x^{3}) (\sec (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) (3 x^{2}))) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.5

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{1^{2}}{\sec^{2} (x^{3})} (2 \sec (x^{3}) (\sec (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) (3 x^{2}))) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.6

Rewrite $\frac{1^{2}}{\sec^{2} (x^{3})}$ as ${(\frac{1}{\sec (x^{3})})}^{2}$ .

${(\frac{1}{\sec (x^{3})})}^{2} (2 \sec (x^{3}) (\sec (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) (3 x^{2}))) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.7

Rewrite $\sec (x^{3})$ in terms of sines and cosines.

${(\frac{1}{\frac{1}{\cos (x^{3})}})}^{2} (2 \sec (x^{3}) (\sec (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) (3 x^{2}))) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.8

Multiply by the reciprocal of the fraction to divide by $\frac{1}{\cos (x^{3})}$ .

${(1 \cos (x^{3}))}^{2} (2 \sec (x^{3}) (\sec (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) (3 x^{2}))) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.9

Multiply $\cos (x^{3})$ by $1$ .

$\cos^{2} (x^{3}) (2 \sec (x^{3}) (\sec (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) (3 x^{2}))) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.10

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$\cos^{2} (x^{3}) (6 \sec (x^{3}) (\sec (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) (x^{2}))) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.11

Raise $\sec (x^{3})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\cos^{2} (x^{3}) (6 (\sec^{1} (x^{3}) \sec (x^{3})) (\tan (x^{3}) (x^{2}))) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.12

Raise $\sec (x^{3})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\cos^{2} (x^{3}) (6 (\sec^{1} (x^{3}) \sec^{1} (x^{3})) (\tan (x^{3}) (x^{2}))) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.13

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\cos^{2} (x^{3}) (6 {\sec (x^{3})}^{1 + 1} (\tan (x^{3}) (x^{2}))) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.14

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\cos^{2} (x^{3}) (6 \sec^{2} (x^{3}) (\tan (x^{3}) (x^{2}))) + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 2.15

Move $6$ to the left of $\cos^{2} (x^{3})$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} + \frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$

Step 3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- (\log (x^{2} + 1))]$ .

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Step 3.1

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \log (x^{2} + 1)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [\log (x^{2} + 1)]$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - \frac{d}{d x} [\log (x^{2} + 1)]$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \log (x)$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 1$ .

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Step 3.2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{4}$ as $x^{2} + 1$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - (\frac{d}{d u_{4}} [\log (u_{4})] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])$

Step 3.2.2

The derivative of $\log (u_{4})$ with respect to $u_{4}$ is $\frac{1}{u_{4} \ln (10)}$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - (\frac{1}{u_{4} \ln (10)} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])$

Step 3.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{4}$ with $x^{2} + 1$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - (\frac{1}{(x^{2} + 1) \ln (10)} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])$

Step 3.3

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - (\frac{1}{(x^{2} + 1) \ln (10)} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]))$

Step 3.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - (\frac{1}{(x^{2} + 1) \ln (10)} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [1]))$

Step 3.5

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - (\frac{1}{(x^{2} + 1) \ln (10)} (2 x + 0))$

Step 3.6

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - (\frac{1}{(x^{2} + 1) \ln (10)} (2 x))$

Step 3.7

Combine $2$ and $\frac{1}{(x^{2} + 1) \ln (10)}$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - (\frac{2}{(x^{2} + 1) \ln (10)} x)$

Step 3.8

Combine $\frac{2}{(x^{2} + 1) \ln (10)}$ and $x$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - \frac{2 x}{(x^{2} + 1) \ln (10)}$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + 1 \ln (10)}$

Step 4.2

Multiply $\ln (10)$ by $1$ .

$6 \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) x^{2} - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.3

Reorder terms.

$6 x^{2} \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \sec^{2} (x^{3}) \tan (x^{3}) - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.4.1

Rewrite $\sec (x^{3})$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$6 x^{2} \cos^{2} (x^{3}) {(\frac{1}{\cos (x^{3})})}^{2} \tan (x^{3}) - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.4.2

Apply the product rule to $\frac{1}{\cos (x^{3})}$ .

$6 x^{2} \cos^{2} (x^{3}) \frac{1^{2}}{\cos^{2} (x^{3})} \tan (x^{3}) - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.4.3

Cancel the common factor of $\cos^{2} (x^{3})$ .

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Step 4.4.3.1

Factor $\cos^{2} (x^{3})$ out of $6 x^{2} \cos^{2} (x^{3})$ .

$\cos^{2} (x^{3}) (6 x^{2}) \frac{1^{2}}{\cos^{2} (x^{3})} \tan (x^{3}) - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.4.3.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\cos^{2} (x^{3}) (6 x^{2}) \frac{1^{2}}{\cos^{2} (x^{3})} \tan (x^{3}) - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.4.3.3

Rewrite the expression.

$6 x^{2} \cdot 1^{2} \tan (x^{3}) - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.4.4

One to any power is one.

$6 x^{2} \cdot 1 \tan (x^{3}) - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.4.5

Multiply $6$ by $1$ .

$6 x^{2} \tan (x^{3}) - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.4.6

Rewrite $\tan (x^{3})$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$6 x^{2} \frac{\sin (x^{3})}{\cos (x^{3})} - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.4.7

Multiply $6 x^{2} \frac{\sin (x^{3})}{\cos (x^{3})}$ .

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Step 4.4.7.1

Combine $6$ and $\frac{\sin (x^{3})}{\cos (x^{3})}$ .

$x^{2} \frac{6 \sin (x^{3})}{\cos (x^{3})} - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.4.7.2

Combine $x^{2}$ and $\frac{6 \sin (x^{3})}{\cos (x^{3})}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (6 \sin (x^{3}))}{\cos (x^{3})} - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.4.8

Move $6$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2} \sin (x^{3})}{\cos (x^{3})} - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.5.1

Separate fractions.

$\frac{6 x^{2}}{1} \cdot \frac{\sin (x^{3})}{\cos (x^{3})} - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.5.2

Convert from $\frac{\sin (x^{3})}{\cos (x^{3})}$ to $\tan (x^{3})$ .

$\frac{6 x^{2}}{1} \tan (x^{3}) - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$

Step 4.5.3

Divide $6 x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$6 x^{2} \tan (x^{3}) - \frac{2 x}{x^{2} \ln (10) + \ln (10)}$