Calculus Examples

$y = \frac{x^{2} - 2 x + 1}{x^{2} + 5}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = x^{2} - 2 x + 1$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 5$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1] - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 5]}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2

Differentiate.

Tap for more steps...

Step 2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 2 x + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 5]}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 5]}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 5]}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 5]}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2.5

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2 + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 5]}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2.6

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2 + 0) - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 5]}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7

Add $2 x - 2$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2) - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 5]}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2.8

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 5$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [5]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2) - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [5])}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2.9

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2) - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [5])}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2.10

Since $5$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $5$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2) - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 0)}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2.11

Simplify the expression.

Tap for more steps...

Step 2.11.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2) - (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 2.11.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2) - 2 (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2) + (- 2 x^{2} - 2 (- 2 x) - 2 \cdot 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2) - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Simplify the numerator.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1.1

Expand $(x^{2} + 5) (2 x - 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 x - 2) + 5 (2 x - 2) - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 x) + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 5 (2 x - 2) - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 x) + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 5 (2 x) + 5 \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.2

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1.2.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 5 (2 x) + 5 \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.2.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1.2.2.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 (x \cdot x^{2}) + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 5 (2 x) + 5 \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.2.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1.2.2.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{1} x^{2}) + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 5 (2 x) + 5 \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.2.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{1 + 2} + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 5 (2 x) + 5 \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.2.2.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 5 (2 x) + 5 \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.2.3

Move $- 2$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 \cdot x^{2} + 5 (2 x) + 5 \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.2.4

Multiply $2$ by $5$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 10 x + 5 \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.2.5

Multiply $5$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 - 2 x^{2} x - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.3

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1.3.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 - 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 - 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 - 2 x^{1 + 2} - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.3.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 - 2 x^{3} - 2 (- 2 x) x - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.4

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1.4.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 - 2 x^{3} - 2 (- 2 (x \cdot x)) - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 - 2 x^{3} - 2 (- 2 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.5

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 \cdot 1 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.6

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.2

Combine the opposite terms in $2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.2.1

Subtract $2 x^{3}$ from $2 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 + 0 + 4 x^{2} - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.2.2

Add $- 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 + 4 x^{2} - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.3

Add $- 2 x^{2}$ and $4 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 10 x - 10 - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.4

Subtract $2 x$ from $10 x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 8 x - 10}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4

Simplify the numerator.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.4.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x^{2} + 8 x - 10$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.4.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2}) + 8 x - 10}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.2

Factor $2$ out of $8 x$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2}) + 2 (4 x) - 10}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.3

Factor $2$ out of $- 10$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 2 (4 x) + 2 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.4

Factor $2$ out of $2 x^{2} + 2 (4 x)$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 4 x) + 2 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.5

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x^{2} + 4 x) + 2 \cdot - 5$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 4 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.2

Factor $x^{2} + 4 x - 5$ using the AC method.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.4.2.1

Consider the form $x^{2} + b x + c$ . Find a pair of integers whose product is $c$ and whose sum is $b$ . In this case, whose product is $- 5$ and whose sum is $4$ .

$- 1, 5$

Step 3.4.2.2

Write the factored form using these integers.

$\frac{2 ((x - 1) (x + 5))}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$

$\frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 5)}{{(x^{2} + 5)}^{2}}$