Calculus Examples

$y = {(4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1)}^{4}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{4}$ and $g (x) = 4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1$ .

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Step 1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u^{4}] \frac{d}{d x} [4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1]$

Step 1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 4$ .

$4 u^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1]$

Step 1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1]$

Step 2

Differentiate.

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Step 2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [4 x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{- 2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{d}{d x} [4 x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{- 2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 2.2

Since $4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $4 x^{3}$ with respect to $x$ is $4 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}]$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1)}^{3} (4 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{- 2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 2.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1)}^{3} (4 (3 x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{- 2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 2.4

Multiply $3$ by $4$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1)}^{3} (12 x^{2} + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{- 2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 2.5

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x^{- 2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{- 2}]$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1)}^{3} (12 x^{2} - \frac{d}{d x} [x^{- 2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 2.6

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 2$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1)}^{3} (12 x^{2} - (- 2 x^{- 3}) + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 2.7

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1)}^{3} (12 x^{2} + 2 x^{- 3} + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 2.8

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1)}^{3} (12 x^{2} + 2 x^{- 3} + 0)$

Step 2.9

Add $12 x^{2} + 2 x^{- 3}$ and $0$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - x^{- 2} + 1)}^{3} (12 x^{2} + 2 x^{- 3})$

Step 3

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - \frac{1}{x^{2}} + 1)}^{3} (12 x^{2} + 2 x^{- 3})$

Step 4

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - \frac{1}{x^{2}} + 1)}^{3} (12 x^{2} + 2 \frac{1}{x^{3}})$

Step 5

Combine $2$ and $\frac{1}{x^{3}}$ .

$4 {(4 x^{3} - \frac{1}{x^{2}} + 1)}^{3} (12 x^{2} + \frac{2}{x^{3}})$