Calculus Examples

$f (x) = \log_{3} (x + \sqrt{x})$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\log_{3} (x + x^{\frac{1}{2}})]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \log_{3} (x)$ and $g (x) = x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [\log_{3} (u)] \frac{d}{d x} [x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\log_{3} (u)$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{u \ln (3)}$ .

$\frac{1}{u \ln (3)} \frac{d}{d x} [x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} \frac{d}{d x} [x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$ .

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} (\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 3.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1})$

Step 4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}})$

Step 5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}})$

Step 6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}})$

Step 7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}})$

Step 7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{- 1}{2}})$

Step 8

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{1}{2} x^{- \frac{1}{2}})$

Step 9

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2})$

Step 10

Move $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{1}{(x + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11

Simplify.

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Step 11.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{x \ln (3) + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 11.2

Reorder the factors of $\frac{1}{x \ln (3) + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3)} (1 + \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$ .

$(1 + \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{x \ln (3) + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3)}$

Step 11.3

Factor $x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3)$ out of $x \ln (3) + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3)$ .

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Step 11.3.1

Factor $x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3)$ out of $x \ln (3)$ .

$(1 + \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3)}$

Step 11.3.2

Factor $x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3)$ out of $x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3)$ .

$(1 + \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (1)}$

Step 11.3.3

Factor $x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3)$ out of $x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (1)$ .

$(1 + \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}$

Step 11.4

Multiply $1 + \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}$ .

$\frac{1 + \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}$

Step 11.5

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 11.5.1

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}$

Step 11.5.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}$

Step 11.6

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}$

Step 11.7

Multiply $\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}$ .

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Step 11.7.1

Multiply $\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.7.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} (\ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.7.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} (\ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.7.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{2}{2}} (\ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.7.5

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 11.7.5.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{2}{2}} (\ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.7.5.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{1} (\ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.8

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 11.8.1

Rewrite.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.8.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} (\ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.8.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} (\ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.8.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{2}{2}} (\ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.8.5

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 11.8.5.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{2}{2}} (\ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.8.5.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{1} (\ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1))}$

Step 11.8.6

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{1} \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}$

Step 11.8.7

Simplify.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x \ln (3) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}$