Calculus Examples

$f (x) = \frac{\ln (1 + x^{2})}{\arctan (x)}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = \ln (1 + x^{2})$ and $g (x) = \arctan (x)$ .

$\frac{\arctan (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\ln (1 + x^{2})] - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \ln (x)$ and $g (x) = 1 + x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $1 + x^{2}$ .

$\frac{\arctan (x) (\frac{d}{d u} [\ln (u)] \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\ln (u)$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{u}$ .

$\frac{\arctan (x) (\frac{1}{u} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $1 + x^{2}$ .

$\frac{\arctan (x) (\frac{1}{1 + x^{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

Combine $\frac{1}{1 + x^{2}}$ and $\arctan (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{\arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}] - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{\frac{\arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{\frac{\arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{\frac{\arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 3.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{\frac{\arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} (2 x) - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 3.6

Combine fractions.

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Step 3.6.1

Combine $2$ and $\frac{\arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}} x - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 3.6.2

Combine $\frac{2 \arctan (x)}{1 + x^{2}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \arctan (x) x}{1 + x^{2}} - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 4

Multiply $\frac{\frac{2 \arctan (x) x}{1 + x^{2}} - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$ by $\frac{1 + x^{2}}{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1 + x^{2}}{1 + x^{2}} \cdot \frac{\frac{2 \arctan (x) x}{1 + x^{2}} - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)]}{{\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 5

Simplify terms.

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Step 5.1

Combine.

$\frac{(1 + x^{2}) (\frac{2 \arctan (x) x}{1 + x^{2}} - \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)])}{(1 + x^{2}) {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(1 + x^{2}) \frac{2 \arctan (x) x}{1 + x^{2}} + (1 + x^{2}) (- \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)])}{(1 + x^{2}) {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 5.3

Cancel the common factor of $1 + x^{2}$ .

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Step 5.3.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(1 + x^{2}) \frac{2 \arctan (x) x}{1 + x^{2}} + (1 + x^{2}) (- \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)])}{(1 + x^{2}) {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 \arctan (x) x + (1 + x^{2}) (- \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [\arctan (x)])}{(1 + x^{2}) {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 6

The derivative of $\arctan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 \arctan (x) x + (1 + x^{2}) (- \ln (1 + x^{2}) \frac{1}{1 + x^{2}})}{(1 + x^{2}) {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 7

Combine $\frac{1}{1 + x^{2}}$ and $\ln (1 + x^{2})$ .

$\frac{2 \arctan (x) x + (1 + x^{2}) (- \frac{\ln (1 + x^{2})}{1 + x^{2}})}{(1 + x^{2}) {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 8

Simplify.

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Step 8.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 \arctan (x) x + (1 + x^{2}) (- \frac{\ln (1 + x^{2})}{1 + x^{2}})}{1 {\arctan (x)}^{2} + x^{2} {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 8.2

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 8.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $1 + x^{2}$ .

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Step 8.2.1.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{\ln (1 + x^{2})}{1 + x^{2}}$ into the numerator.

$\frac{2 \arctan (x) x + (1 + x^{2}) \frac{- \ln (1 + x^{2})}{1 + x^{2}}}{1 {\arctan (x)}^{2} + x^{2} {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 8.2.1.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 \arctan (x) x + (1 + x^{2}) \frac{- \ln (1 + x^{2})}{1 + x^{2}}}{1 {\arctan (x)}^{2} + x^{2} {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 8.2.1.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 \arctan (x) x - \ln (1 + x^{2})}{1 {\arctan (x)}^{2} + x^{2} {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 8.2.2

Reorder factors in $2 \arctan (x) x - \ln (1 + x^{2})$ .

$\frac{2 x \arctan (x) - \ln (1 + x^{2})}{1 {\arctan (x)}^{2} + x^{2} {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 8.3

Multiply ${\arctan (x)}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x \arctan (x) - \ln (1 + x^{2})}{{\arctan (x)}^{2} + x^{2} {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 8.4

Factor ${\arctan (x)}^{2}$ out of ${\arctan (x)}^{2} + x^{2} {\arctan (x)}^{2}$ .

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Step 8.4.1

Multiply by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x \arctan (x) - \ln (1 + x^{2})}{{\arctan (x)}^{2} \cdot 1 + x^{2} {\arctan (x)}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.2

Factor ${\arctan (x)}^{2}$ out of $x^{2} {\arctan (x)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x \arctan (x) - \ln (1 + x^{2})}{{\arctan (x)}^{2} \cdot 1 + {\arctan (x)}^{2} x^{2}}$

Step 8.4.3

Factor ${\arctan (x)}^{2}$ out of ${\arctan (x)}^{2} \cdot 1 + {\arctan (x)}^{2} x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x \arctan (x) - \ln (1 + x^{2})}{{\arctan (x)}^{2} (1 + x^{2})}$