Calculus Examples

$z^{7} - 1$

Step 1

If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form $\frac{p}{q}$ where $p$ is a factor of the constant and $q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient.

$p = \pm 1$

$q = \pm 1$

Step 2

Find every combination of $\pm \frac{p}{q}$ . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.

$\pm 1$

Step 3

Substitute $1$ and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to $0$ so $1$ is a root of the polynomial.

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Step 3.1

Substitute $1$ into the polynomial.

$1^{7} - 1$

Step 3.2

Raise $1$ to the power of $7$ .

$1 - 1$

Step 3.3

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$0$

Step 4

Since $1$ is a known root, divide the polynomial by $z - 1$ to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.

$\frac{z^{7} - 1}{z - 1}$

Step 5

Divide $z^{7} - 1$ by $z - 1$ .

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Step 5.1

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

Step 5.2

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $z^{7}$ by the highest order term in divisor $z$ .

$z^{6}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

Step 5.3

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$z^{6}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

Step 5.4

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $z^{7} - z^{6}$

$z^{6}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

Step 5.5

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

Step 5.6

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

Step 5.7

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $z^{6}$ by the highest order term in divisor $z$ .

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

Step 5.8

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

Step 5.9

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $z^{6} - z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

Step 5.10

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

Step 5.11

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

Step 5.12

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $z^{5}$ by the highest order term in divisor $z$ .

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

Step 5.13

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

Step 5.14

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $z^{5} - z^{4}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

Step 5.15

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

Step 5.16

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

Step 5.17

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $z^{4}$ by the highest order term in divisor $z$ .

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

Step 5.18

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

Step 5.19

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $z^{4} - z^{3}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

Step 5.20

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

Step 5.21

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

Step 5.22

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $z^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $z$ .

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

Step 5.23

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

Step 5.24

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $z^{3} - z^{2}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

Step 5.25

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

Step 5.26

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$0 z$

Step 5.27

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $z^{2}$ by the highest order term in divisor $z$ .

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$0 z$

Step 5.28

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$0 z$

$z^{2}$

$z$

Step 5.29

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $z^{2} - z$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$0 z$

$z^{2}$

$z$

Step 5.30

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$0 z$

$z^{2}$

$z$

Step 5.31

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$0 z$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

Step 5.32

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $z$ by the highest order term in divisor $z$ .

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$0 z$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

Step 5.33

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$0 z$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z$

$1$

Step 5.34

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $z - 1$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$0 z$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z$

$1$

Step 5.35

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$0 z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$0 z$

$1$

$z^{7}$

$z^{6}$

$0 z^{5}$

$z^{6}$

$z^{5}$

$0 z^{4}$

$z^{5}$

$z^{4}$

$0 z^{3}$

$z^{4}$

$z^{3}$

$0 z^{2}$

$z^{3}$

$z^{2}$

$0 z$

$z^{2}$

$z$

$1$

$z$

$1$

$0$

Step 5.36

Since the remander is $0$ , the final answer is the quotient.

$z^{6} + z^{5} + z^{4} + z^{3} + z^{2} + z + 1$

Step 6

Write $z^{7} - 1$ as a set of factors.

$(z - 1) (z^{6} + z^{5} + z^{4} + z^{3} + z^{2} + z + 1)$