Calculus Examples

$\tan^{6} (x)$

Step 1

Simplify with factoring out.

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Step 1.1

Factor $2$ out of $6$ .

$\int {\tan (x)}^{2 (3)} d x$

Step 1.2

Rewrite ${\tan (x)}^{2 (3)}$ as exponentiation.

$\int {(\tan^{2} (x))}^{3} d x$

Step 2

Using the Pythagorean Identity, rewrite $\tan^{2} (x)$ as $- 1 + \sec^{2} (x)$ .

$\int {(- 1 + \sec^{2} (x))}^{3} d x$

Step 3

Simplify.

$\int - 1 + 3 \sec^{2} (x) - 3 \sec^{4} (x) + \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 4

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int - 1 d x + \int 3 \sec^{2} (x) d x + \int - 3 \sec^{4} (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 5

Apply the constant rule.

$- x + C + \int 3 \sec^{2} (x) d x + \int - 3 \sec^{4} (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 6

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $3$ out of the integral.

$- x + C + 3 \int \sec^{2} (x) d x + \int - 3 \sec^{4} (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 7

Since the derivative of $\tan (x)$ is $\sec^{2} (x)$ , the integral of $\sec^{2} (x)$ is $\tan (x)$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) + \int - 3 \sec^{4} (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 8

Since $- 3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 3$ out of the integral.

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 \int \sec^{4} (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 9

Simplify the expression.

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Step 9.1

Rewrite $4$ as $2$ plus $2$

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 \int {\sec (x)}^{2 + 2} d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 9.2

Rewrite ${\sec (x)}^{2 + 2}$ as $\sec^{2} (x) \sec^{2} (x)$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 \int \sec^{2} (x) \sec^{2} (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 10

Using the Pythagorean Identity, rewrite $\sec^{2} (x)$ as $1 + \tan^{2} (x)$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 \int (1 + \tan^{2} (x)) \sec^{2} (x) d x + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 11

Let $u_{1} = \tan (x)$ . Then $d u_{1} = \sec^{2} (x) d x$ , so $\frac{1}{\sec^{2} (x)} d u_{1} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Step 11.1

Let $u_{1} = \tan (x)$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d x}$ .

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Step 11.1.1

Differentiate $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x)]$

Step 11.1.2

The derivative of $\tan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec^{2} (x)$ .

$\sec^{2} (x)$

Step 11.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ and $d u_{1}$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 \int 1 + {u_{1}}^{2} d u_{1} + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 12

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (\int d u_{1} + \int {u_{1}}^{2} d u_{1}) + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 13

Apply the constant rule.

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \int {u_{1}}^{2} d u_{1}) + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 14

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{1}}^{2}$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{1}{3} {u_{1}}^{3}$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{3} {u_{1}}^{3} + C) + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 15

Simplify with factoring out.

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Step 15.1

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and ${u_{1}}^{3}$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int \sec^{6} (x) d x$

Step 15.2

Simplify the expression.

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Step 15.2.1

Rewrite $6$ as $4$ plus $2$

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int {\sec (x)}^{4 + 2} d x$

Step 15.2.2

Rewrite ${\sec (x)}^{4 + 2}$ as $\sec^{4} (x) \sec^{2} (x)$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int \sec^{4} (x) \sec^{2} (x) d x$

Step 15.3

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int {\sec (x)}^{2 (2)} \sec^{2} (x) d x$

Step 15.4

Rewrite ${\sec (x)}^{2 (2)}$ as exponentiation.

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int {(\sec^{2} (x))}^{2} \sec^{2} (x) d x$

Step 16

Using the Pythagorean Identity, rewrite $\sec^{2} (x)$ as $1 + \tan^{2} (x)$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int {(1 + \tan^{2} (x))}^{2} \sec^{2} (x) d x$

Step 17

Let $u_{2} = \tan (x)$ . Then $d u_{2} = \sec^{2} (x) d x$ , so $\frac{1}{\sec^{2} (x)} d u_{2} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 17.1

Let $u_{2} = \tan (x)$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d x}$ .

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Step 17.1.1

Differentiate $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x)]$

Step 17.1.2

The derivative of $\tan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec^{2} (x)$ .

$\sec^{2} (x)$

Step 17.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ and $d u_{2}$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int {(1 + {u_{2}}^{2})}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 18

Expand ${(1 + {u_{2}}^{2})}^{2}$ .

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Step 18.1

Rewrite ${(1 + {u_{2}}^{2})}^{2}$ as $(1 + {u_{2}}^{2}) (1 + {u_{2}}^{2})$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int (1 + {u_{2}}^{2}) (1 + {u_{2}}^{2}) d u_{2}$

Step 18.2

Apply the distributive property.

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int 1 (1 + {u_{2}}^{2}) + {u_{2}}^{2} (1 + {u_{2}}^{2}) d u_{2}$

Step 18.3

Apply the distributive property.

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int 1 \cdot 1 + 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (1 + {u_{2}}^{2}) d u_{2}$

Step 18.4

Apply the distributive property.

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int 1 \cdot 1 + 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} \cdot 1 + {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 18.5

Reorder ${u_{2}}^{2}$ and $1$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int 1 \cdot 1 + 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 \cdot {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 18.6

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int 1 + 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 18.7

Multiply ${u_{2}}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int 1 + {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 18.8

Multiply ${u_{2}}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int 1 + {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 18.9

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int 1 + {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2 + 2} d u_{2}$

Step 18.10

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int 1 + {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{4} d u_{2}$

Step 18.11

Add ${u_{2}}^{2}$ and ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int 1 + 2 {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{4} d u_{2}$

Step 18.12

Reorder $2 {u_{2}}^{2}$ and ${u_{2}}^{4}$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int 1 + {u_{2}}^{4} + 2 {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 18.13

Move $1$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int {u_{2}}^{4} + 2 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 d u_{2}$

Step 19

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int {u_{2}}^{4} d u_{2} + \int 2 {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2} + \int d u_{2}$

Step 20

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{2}}^{4}$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\frac{1}{5} {u_{2}}^{5}$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \frac{1}{5} {u_{2}}^{5} + C + \int 2 {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2} + \int d u_{2}$

Step 21

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $u_{2}$ , move $2$ out of the integral.

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \frac{1}{5} {u_{2}}^{5} + C + 2 \int {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2} + \int d u_{2}$

Step 22

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{2}}^{2}$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\frac{1}{3} {u_{2}}^{3}$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \frac{1}{5} {u_{2}}^{5} + C + 2 (\frac{1}{3} {u_{2}}^{3} + C) + \int d u_{2}$

Step 23

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and ${u_{2}}^{3}$ .

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \frac{1}{5} {u_{2}}^{5} + C + 2 (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \int d u_{2}$

Step 24

Apply the constant rule.

$- x + C + 3 (\tan (x) + C) - 3 (u_{1} + C + \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + C) + \frac{1}{5} {u_{2}}^{5} + C + 2 (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C) + u_{2} + C$

Step 25

Simplify.

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Step 25.1

Simplify.

$- x + 3 \tan (x) - 3 u_{1} - {u_{1}}^{3} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} + \frac{2 {u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + u_{2} + C$

Step 25.2

Simplify.

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Step 25.2.1

To write $- {u_{1}}^{3}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$- x + 3 \tan (x) - 3 u_{1} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} - {u_{1}}^{3} \cdot \frac{3}{3} + \frac{2 {u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + u_{2} + C$

Step 25.2.2

Combine $- {u_{1}}^{3}$ and $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$- x + 3 \tan (x) - 3 u_{1} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} + \frac{- {u_{1}}^{3} \cdot 3}{3} + \frac{2 {u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + u_{2} + C$

Step 25.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- x + 3 \tan (x) - 3 u_{1} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} + \frac{- {u_{1}}^{3} \cdot 3 + 2 {u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + u_{2} + C$

Step 25.2.4

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$- x + 3 \tan (x) - 3 u_{1} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} + \frac{- 3 {u_{1}}^{3} + 2 {u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + u_{2} + C$

Step 25.2.5

Add $- 3 {u_{1}}^{3}$ and $2 {u_{2}}^{3}$ .

$- x + 3 \tan (x) - 3 u_{1} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} + \frac{- {u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + u_{2} + C$

Step 25.2.6

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- x + 3 \tan (x) - 3 u_{1} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} - \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} + u_{2} + C$

Step 25.2.7

Add $- 3 u_{1}$ and $u_{2}$ .

$- x + 3 \tan (x) + \frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} - \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} - 2 u_{1} + C$

Step 26

Substitute back in for each integration substitution variable.

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Step 26.1

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $\tan (x)$ .

$- x + 3 \tan (x) + \frac{\tan^{5} (x)}{5} - \frac{{u_{1}}^{3}}{3} - 2 u_{1} + C$

Step 26.2

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $\tan (x)$ .

$- x + 3 \tan (x) + \frac{\tan^{5} (x)}{5} - \frac{\tan^{3} (x)}{3} - 2 \tan (x) + C$

Step 27

Reorder terms.

$- x + 3 \tan (x) + \frac{1}{5} \tan^{5} (x) - \frac{1}{3} \tan^{3} (x) - 2 \tan (x) + C$