Calculus Examples

${(x^{2} - 1)}^{2}$

Step 1

Expand ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 1.1

Rewrite ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{2}$ as $(x^{2} - 1) (x^{2} - 1)$ .

$\int (x^{2} - 1) (x^{2} - 1) d x$

Step 1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\int x^{2} (x^{2} - 1) - 1 (x^{2} - 1) d x$

Step 1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\int x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 1 (x^{2} - 1) d x$

Step 1.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\int x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 1 x^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 d x$

Step 1.5

Reorder $x^{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\int x^{2} x^{2} - 1 \cdot x^{2} - 1 x^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 d x$

Step 1.6

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{2 + 2} - 1 x^{2} - 1 x^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 d x$

Step 1.7

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\int x^{4} - 1 x^{2} - 1 x^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 d x$

Step 1.8

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\int x^{4} - 1 x^{2} - 1 x^{2} + 1 d x$

Step 1.9

Subtract $1 x^{2}$ from $- 1 x^{2}$ .

$\int x^{4} - 2 x^{2} + 1 d x$

Step 2

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int x^{4} d x + \int - 2 x^{2} d x + \int d x$

Step 3

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{4}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{5} x^{5}$ .

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C + \int - 2 x^{2} d x + \int d x$

Step 4

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 2$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C - 2 \int x^{2} d x + \int d x$

Step 5

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{3} x^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C - 2 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) + \int d x$

Step 6

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C - 2 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) + x + C$

Step 7

Simplify.

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Step 7.1

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C - 2 (\frac{x^{3}}{3} + C) + x + C$

Step 7.2

Simplify.

$\frac{x^{5}}{5} - \frac{2 x^{3}}{3} + x + C$

Step 8

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} - \frac{2}{3} x^{3} + x + C$