Calculus Examples

$y = x$ , $y = x^{3}$ , $x = 0$ , $x = 1$

Step 1

Solve by substitution to find the intersection between the curves.

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Step 1.1

Eliminate the equal sides of each equation and combine.

$x = x^{3}$

Step 1.2

Solve $x = x^{3}$ for $x$ .

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Step 1.2.1

Subtract $x^{3}$ from both sides of the equation.

$x - x^{3} = 0$

Step 1.2.2

Factor the left side of the equation.

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Step 1.2.2.1

Factor $x$ out of $x - x^{3}$ .

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Step 1.2.2.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x - x^{3} = 0$

Step 1.2.2.1.2

Factor $x$ out of $x^{1}$ .

$x \cdot 1 - x^{3} = 0$

Step 1.2.2.1.3

Factor $x$ out of $- x^{3}$ .

$x \cdot 1 + x (- x^{2}) = 0$

Step 1.2.2.1.4

Factor $x$ out of $x \cdot 1 + x (- x^{2})$ .

$x (1 - x^{2}) = 0$

Step 1.2.2.2

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$x (1^{2} - x^{2}) = 0$

Step 1.2.2.3

Factor.

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Step 1.2.2.3.1

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = 1$ and $b = x$ .

$x ((1 + x) (1 - x)) = 0$

Step 1.2.2.3.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$x (1 + x) (1 - x) = 0$

Step 1.2.3

If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to $0$ , the entire expression will be equal to $0$ .

$x = 0$

$1 + x = 0$

$1 - x = 0 + y = x^{3}$

Step 1.2.4

Set $x$ equal to $0$ .

$x = 0$

Step 1.2.5

Set $1 + x$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 1.2.5.1

Set $1 + x$ equal to $0$ .

$1 + x = 0$

Step 1.2.5.2

Subtract $1$ from both sides of the equation.

$x = - 1$

Step 1.2.6

Set $1 - x$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 1.2.6.1

Set $1 - x$ equal to $0$ .

$1 - x = 0$

Step 1.2.6.2

Solve $1 - x = 0$ for $x$ .

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Step 1.2.6.2.1

Subtract $1$ from both sides of the equation.

$- x = - 1$

Step 1.2.6.2.2

Divide each term in $- x = - 1$ by $- 1$ and simplify.

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Step 1.2.6.2.2.1

Divide each term in $- x = - 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- x}{- 1} = \frac{- 1}{- 1}$

Step 1.2.6.2.2.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 1.2.6.2.2.2.1

Dividing two negative values results in a positive value.

$\frac{x}{1} = \frac{- 1}{- 1}$

Step 1.2.6.2.2.2.2

Divide $x$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1}{- 1}$

Step 1.2.6.2.2.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.2.6.2.2.3.1

Divide $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$x = 1$

Step 1.2.7

The final solution is all the values that make $x (1 + x) (1 - x) = 0$ true.

$x = 0, - 1, 1$

Step 1.3

Evaluate $y$ when $x = 0$ .

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Step 1.3.1

Substitute $0$ for $x$ .

$y = {(0)}^{3}$

Step 1.3.2

Substitute $0$ for $x$ in $y = {(0)}^{3}$ and solve for $y$ .

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Step 1.3.2.1

Remove parentheses.

$y = 0^{3}$

Step 1.3.2.2

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$y = 0$

Step 1.4

Evaluate $y$ when $x = - 1$ .

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Step 1.4.1

Substitute $- 1$ for $x$ .

$y = {(- 1)}^{3}$

Step 1.4.2

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $3$ .

$y = - 1$

Step 1.5

Evaluate $y$ when $x = 1$ .

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Step 1.5.1

Substitute $1$ for $x$ .

$y = {(1)}^{3}$

Step 1.5.2

Substitute $1$ for $x$ in $y = {(1)}^{3}$ and solve for $y$ .

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Step 1.5.2.1

Remove parentheses.

$y = 1^{3}$

Step 1.5.2.2

One to any power is one.

$y = 1$

Step 1.6

The solution to the system is the complete set of ordered pairs that are valid solutions.

$(0, 0)$

$(- 1, - 1)$

$(1, 1)$

$(0, 0)$

$(- 1, - 1)$

$(1, 1)$

Step 2

The area of the region between the curves is defined as the integral of the upper curve minus the integral of the lower curve over each region. The regions are determined by the intersection points of the curves. This can be done algebraically or graphically.

$A r e a = \int_{0}^{1} x d x - \int_{0}^{1} x^{3} d x$

Step 3

Integrate to find the area between $0$ and $1$ .

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Step 3.1

Combine the integrals into a single integral.

$\int_{0}^{1} x - (x^{3}) d x$

Step 3.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $x^{3}$ .

$\int_{0}^{1} x - x^{3} d x$

Step 3.3

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int_{0}^{1} x d x + \int_{0}^{1} - x^{3} d x$

Step 3.4

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{2} x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} x^{2}]_{0}^{1} + \int_{0}^{1} - x^{3} d x$

Step 3.5

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} x^{2}]_{0}^{1} - \int_{0}^{1} x^{3} d x$

Step 3.6

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{3}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{4} x^{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} x^{2}]_{0}^{1} - (\frac{1}{4} x^{4}]_{0}^{1})$

Step 3.7

Simplify the answer.

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Step 3.7.1

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $x^{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} x^{2}]_{0}^{1} - (\frac{x^{4}}{4}]_{0}^{1})$

Step 3.7.2

Substitute and simplify.

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Step 3.7.2.1

Evaluate $\frac{1}{2} x^{2}$ at $1$ and at $0$ .

$(\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1^{2}) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0^{2} - (\frac{x^{4}}{4}]_{0}^{1})$

Step 3.7.2.2

Evaluate $\frac{x^{4}}{4}$ at $1$ and at $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1^{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0^{2} - (\frac{1^{4}}{4} - \frac{0^{4}}{4})$

Step 3.7.2.3

Simplify.

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Step 3.7.2.3.1

One to any power is one.

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0^{2} - (\frac{1^{4}}{4} - \frac{0^{4}}{4})$

Step 3.7.2.3.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0^{2} - (\frac{1^{4}}{4} - \frac{0^{4}}{4})$

Step 3.7.2.3.3

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0 - (\frac{1^{4}}{4} - \frac{0^{4}}{4})$

Step 3.7.2.3.4

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} + 0 (\frac{1}{2}) - (\frac{1^{4}}{4} - \frac{0^{4}}{4})$

Step 3.7.2.3.5

Multiply $0$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} + 0 - (\frac{1^{4}}{4} - \frac{0^{4}}{4})$

Step 3.7.2.3.6

Add $\frac{1}{2}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1^{4}}{4} - \frac{0^{4}}{4})$

Step 3.7.2.3.7

One to any power is one.

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{4} - \frac{0^{4}}{4})$

Step 3.7.2.3.8

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{4} - \frac{0}{4})$

Step 3.7.2.3.9

Cancel the common factor of $0$ and $4$ .

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Step 3.7.2.3.9.1

Factor $4$ out of $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{4} - \frac{4 (0)}{4})$

Step 3.7.2.3.9.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 3.7.2.3.9.2.1

Factor $4$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{4} - \frac{4 \cdot 0}{4 \cdot 1})$

Step 3.7.2.3.9.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{4} - \frac{4 \cdot 0}{4 \cdot 1})$

Step 3.7.2.3.9.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{4} - \frac{0}{1})$

Step 3.7.2.3.9.2.4

Divide $0$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{4} - 0)$

Step 3.7.2.3.10

Multiply $- 1$ by $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{4} + 0)$

Step 3.7.2.3.11

Add $\frac{1}{4}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.7.2.3.12

To write $\frac{1}{2}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{2} - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.7.2.3.13

Write each expression with a common denominator of $4$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 3.7.2.3.13.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{2}{2 \cdot 2} - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.7.2.3.13.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2}{4} - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.7.2.3.14

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2 - 1}{4}$

Step 3.7.2.3.15

Subtract $1$ from $2$ .

$\frac{1}{4}$

Step 4