Calculus Examples

$y = \frac{3 x - \tan (x)}{x \sec (x)}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = 3 x - \tan (x)$ and $g (x) = x \sec (x)$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} [3 x - \tan (x)] - (3 x - \tan (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [x \sec (x)]}{{(x \sec (x))}^{2}}$

Step 2

Differentiate.

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Step 2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $3 x - \tan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \tan (x)]$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) (\frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \tan (x)]) - (3 x - \tan (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [x \sec (x)]}{{(x \sec (x))}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $3 x$ with respect to $x$ is $3 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) (3 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \tan (x)]) - (3 x - \tan (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [x \sec (x)]}{{(x \sec (x))}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) (3 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- \tan (x)]) - (3 x - \tan (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [x \sec (x)]}{{(x \sec (x))}^{2}}$

Step 2.4

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) (3 + \frac{d}{d x} [- \tan (x)]) - (3 x - \tan (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [x \sec (x)]}{{(x \sec (x))}^{2}}$

Step 2.5

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \tan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x)]$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) (3 - \frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x)]) - (3 x - \tan (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [x \sec (x)]}{{(x \sec (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3

The derivative of $\tan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) (3 - \sec^{2} (x)) - (3 x - \tan (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [x \sec (x)]}{{(x \sec (x))}^{2}}$

Step 4

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = \sec (x)$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) (3 - \sec^{2} (x)) - (3 x - \tan (x)) (x \frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x)] + \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(x \sec (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5

The derivative of $\sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) (3 - \sec^{2} (x)) - (3 x - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(x \sec (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6

Differentiate using the Power Rule.

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Step 6.1

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) (3 - \sec^{2} (x)) - (3 x - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x) \cdot 1)}{{(x \sec (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2

Multiply $\sec (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) (3 - \sec^{2} (x)) - (3 x - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{{(x \sec (x))}^{2}}$

Step 7

Simplify.

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Step 7.1

Apply the product rule to $x \sec (x)$ .

$\frac{x \sec (x) (3 - \sec^{2} (x)) - (3 x - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x \sec (x) \cdot 3 + x \sec (x) (- \sec^{2} (x)) - (3 x - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x \sec (x) \cdot 3 + x \sec (x) (- \sec^{2} (x)) + (- (3 x) - - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 7.4.1.1

Move $3$ to the left of $x \sec (x)$ .

$\frac{3 \cdot (x \sec (x)) + x \sec (x) (- \sec^{2} (x)) + (- (3 x) - - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec (x) \sec^{2} (x) + (- (3 x) - - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.3

Multiply $\sec (x)$ by $\sec^{2} (x)$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 7.4.1.3.1

Move $\sec^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x (\sec^{2} (x) \sec (x)) + (- (3 x) - - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.3.2

Multiply $\sec^{2} (x)$ by $\sec (x)$ .

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Step 7.4.1.3.2.1

Raise $\sec (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x (\sec^{2} (x) \sec^{1} (x)) + (- (3 x) - - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x {\sec (x)}^{2 + 1} + (- (3 x) - - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.3.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) + (- (3 x) - - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 7.4.1.4.1

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) + (- 3 x - - \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.4.2

Multiply $- - \tan (x)$ .

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Step 7.4.1.4.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) + (- 3 x + 1 \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.4.2.2

Multiply $\tan (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) + (- 3 x + \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.5

Expand $(- 3 x + \tan (x)) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 7.4.1.5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x)) + \tan (x) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x (x (\sec (x) \tan (x))) - 3 x \sec (x) + \tan (x) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + \sec (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.5.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x (x (\sec (x) \tan (x))) - 3 x \sec (x) + \tan (x) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x))) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.6

Simplify each term.

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Step 7.4.1.6.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 7.4.1.6.1.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 (x \cdot x) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) - 3 x \sec (x) + \tan (x) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x))) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.6.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x)) - 3 x \sec (x) + \tan (x) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x))) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.6.2

Multiply $\tan (x) (x (\sec (x) \tan (x)))$ .

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Step 7.4.1.6.2.1

Raise $\tan (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x)) - 3 x \sec (x) + x (\sec (x) (\tan^{1} (x) \tan (x))) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.6.2.2

Raise $\tan (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x)) - 3 x \sec (x) + x (\sec (x) (\tan^{1} (x) \tan^{1} (x))) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.6.2.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x)) - 3 x \sec (x) + x (\sec (x) {\tan (x)}^{1 + 1}) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.1.6.2.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x)) - 3 x \sec (x) + x (\sec (x) \tan^{2} (x)) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.2

Combine the opposite terms in $3 x \sec (x) - x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x)) - 3 x \sec (x) + x (\sec (x) \tan^{2} (x)) + \tan (x) \sec (x)$ .

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Step 7.4.2.1

Subtract $3 x \sec (x)$ from $3 x \sec (x)$ .

$\frac{- x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + 0 + x (\sec (x) \tan^{2} (x)) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.2.2

Add $- x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x))$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + x (\sec (x) \tan^{2} (x)) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.3

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $- x \sec^{3} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + x (\sec (x) \tan^{2} (x)) + \tan (x) \sec (x)$ .

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Step 7.4.3.1

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $- x \sec^{3} (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x \sec^{2} (x)) - 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x)) + x (\sec (x) \tan^{2} (x)) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.3.2

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $- 3 x^{2} (\sec (x) \tan (x))$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x \sec^{2} (x)) + \sec (x) (- 3 x^{2} (\tan (x))) + x (\sec (x) \tan^{2} (x)) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.3.3

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $x (\sec (x) \tan^{2} (x))$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x \sec^{2} (x)) + \sec (x) (- 3 x^{2} (\tan (x))) + \sec (x) (x (\tan^{2} (x))) + \tan (x) \sec (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.3.4

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $\tan (x) \sec (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x \sec^{2} (x)) + \sec (x) (- 3 x^{2} (\tan (x))) + \sec (x) (x (\tan^{2} (x))) + \sec (x) \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.3.5

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $\sec (x) (- x \sec^{2} (x)) + \sec (x) (- 3 x^{2} (\tan (x)))$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x \sec^{2} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\tan (x))) + \sec (x) (x (\tan^{2} (x))) + \sec (x) \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.3.6

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $\sec (x) (- x \sec^{2} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\tan (x))) + \sec (x) (x (\tan^{2} (x)))$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x \sec^{2} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\tan (x)) + x (\tan^{2} (x))) + \sec (x) \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.3.7

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $\sec (x) (- x \sec^{2} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\tan (x)) + x (\tan^{2} (x))) + \sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x \sec^{2} (x) - 3 x^{2} (\tan (x)) + x (\tan^{2} (x)) + \tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.4

Move $x (\tan^{2} (x))$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x \sec^{2} (x) + x (\tan^{2} (x)) - 3 x^{2} (\tan (x)) + \tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.5

Factor $- x$ out of $- x \sec^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x (\sec^{2} (x)) + x (\tan^{2} (x)) - 3 x^{2} (\tan (x)) + \tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.6

Factor $- x$ out of $x (\tan^{2} (x))$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x (\sec^{2} (x)) - x (- 1 \tan^{2} (x)) - 3 x^{2} (\tan (x)) + \tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.7

Factor $- x$ out of $- x (\sec^{2} (x)) - x (- 1 \tan^{2} (x))$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x (\sec^{2} (x) - 1 \tan^{2} (x)) - 3 x^{2} (\tan (x)) + \tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.8

Apply pythagorean identity.

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x \cdot 1 - 3 x^{2} (\tan (x)) + \tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.9

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x - 3 x^{2} (\tan (x)) + \tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.10

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x) + \sec (x) (- 3 x^{2} (\tan (x))) + \sec (x) \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.11

Simplify.

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Step 7.4.11.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{- \sec (x) x + \sec (x) (- 3 x^{2} (\tan (x))) + \sec (x) \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.11.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{- \sec (x) x - 3 \sec (x) x^{2} \tan (x) + \sec (x) \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.4.12

Reorder factors in $- \sec (x) x - 3 \sec (x) x^{2} \tan (x) + \sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{- x \sec (x) - 3 x^{2} \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.5

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $- x \sec (x) - 3 x^{2} \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

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Step 7.5.1

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $- x \sec (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x) - 3 x^{2} \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.5.2

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $- 3 x^{2} \sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x) + \sec (x) (- 3 x^{2} \tan (x)) + \sec (x) \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.5.3

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $\sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x) + \sec (x) (- 3 x^{2} \tan (x)) + \sec (x) (\tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.5.4

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $\sec (x) (- x) + \sec (x) (- 3 x^{2} \tan (x))$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x - 3 x^{2} \tan (x)) + \sec (x) (\tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.5.5

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $\sec (x) (- x - 3 x^{2} \tan (x)) + \sec (x) (\tan (x))$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x - 3 x^{2} \tan (x) + \tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)}$

Step 7.6

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 7.6.1

Factor $\sec (x)$ out of $x^{2} \sec^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x - 3 x^{2} \tan (x) + \tan (x))}{\sec (x) (x^{2} \sec (x))}$

Step 7.6.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{\sec (x) (- x - 3 x^{2} \tan (x) + \tan (x))}{\sec (x) (x^{2} \sec (x))}$

Step 7.6.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- x - 3 x^{2} \tan (x) + \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec (x)}$

Step 7.7

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x$ .

$\frac{- (x) - 3 x^{2} \tan (x) + \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec (x)}$

Step 7.8

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 3 x^{2} \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{- (x) - (3 x^{2} \tan (x)) + \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec (x)}$

Step 7.9

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x) - (3 x^{2} \tan (x))$ .

$\frac{- (x + 3 x^{2} \tan (x)) + \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec (x)}$

Step 7.10

Factor $- 1$ out of $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{- (x + 3 x^{2} \tan (x)) - 1 (- \tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec (x)}$

Step 7.11

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x + 3 x^{2} \tan (x)) - 1 (- \tan (x))$ .

$\frac{- (x + 3 x^{2} \tan (x) - \tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec (x)}$

Step 7.12

Rewrite $- (x + 3 x^{2} \tan (x) - \tan (x))$ as $- 1 (x + 3 x^{2} \tan (x) - \tan (x))$ .

$\frac{- 1 (x + 3 x^{2} \tan (x) - \tan (x))}{x^{2} \sec (x)}$

Step 7.13

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{x + 3 x^{2} \tan (x) - \tan (x)}{x^{2} \sec (x)}$