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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Write as a function.
Step 2
Step 2.1
Find the second derivative.
Step 2.1.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 2.1.1.1
Differentiate.
Step 2.1.1.1.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.1.1.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.1.1.2
Evaluate .
Step 2.1.1.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.1.1.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.1.1.3
Evaluate .
Step 2.1.1.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.1.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.1.1.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.1.1.4
Differentiate using the Constant Rule.
Step 2.1.1.4.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.1.4.2
Add and .
Step 2.1.2
Find the second derivative.
Step 2.1.2.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.2.2
Evaluate .
Step 2.1.2.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.2.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.1.2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.1.2.3
Evaluate .
Step 2.1.2.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.2.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.1.2.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.1.2.4
Differentiate using the Constant Rule.
Step 2.1.2.4.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.1.2.4.2
Add and .
Step 2.1.3
The second derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2
Set the second derivative equal to then solve the equation .
Step 2.2.1
Set the second derivative equal to .
Step 2.2.2
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 2.2.3
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 2.2.3.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 2.2.3.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 2.2.3.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.2.3.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.2.3.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 2.2.3.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 2.2.3.3.1
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 2.2.3.3.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.3.3.1.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 2.2.3.3.1.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.3.3.1.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.2.3.3.1.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 3
The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.
Interval Notation:
Set-Builder Notation:
Step 4
Create intervals around the -values where the second derivative is zero or undefined.
Step 5
Step 5.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 5.2
Simplify the result.
Step 5.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 5.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 5.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 5.3
The graph is concave down on the interval because is negative.
Concave down on since is negative
Concave down on since is negative
Step 6
Step 6.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 6.2
Simplify the result.
Step 6.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 6.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 6.2.3
The final answer is .
Step 6.3
The graph is concave up on the interval because is positive.
Concave up on since is positive
Concave up on since is positive
Step 7
The graph is concave down when the second derivative is negative and concave up when the second derivative is positive.
Concave down on since is negative
Concave up on since is positive
Step 8