Calculus Examples

$\int_{0}^{2} | z - z^{2} | d z$

Step 1

Split up the integral depending on where $z - z^{2}$ is positive and negative.

$\int_{0}^{1} z - z^{2} d z + \int_{1}^{2} - z + z^{2} d z$

Step 2

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int_{0}^{1} z d z + \int_{0}^{1} - z^{2} d z + \int_{1}^{2} - z + z^{2} d z$

Step 3

By the Power Rule, the integral of $z$ with respect to $z$ is $\frac{1}{2} z^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} z^{2}]_{0}^{1} + \int_{0}^{1} - z^{2} d z + \int_{1}^{2} - z + z^{2} d z$

Step 4

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $z$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} z^{2}]_{0}^{1} - \int_{0}^{1} z^{2} d z + \int_{1}^{2} - z + z^{2} d z$

Step 5

By the Power Rule, the integral of $z^{2}$ with respect to $z$ is $\frac{1}{3} z^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} z^{2}]_{0}^{1} - (\frac{1}{3} z^{3}]_{0}^{1}) + \int_{1}^{2} - z + z^{2} d z$

Step 6

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $z^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} z^{2}]_{0}^{1} - (\frac{z^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{1}) + \int_{1}^{2} - z + z^{2} d z$

Step 7

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{2} z^{2}]_{0}^{1} - (\frac{z^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{1}) + \int_{1}^{2} - z d z + \int_{1}^{2} z^{2} d z$

Step 8

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $z$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} z^{2}]_{0}^{1} - (\frac{z^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{1}) - \int_{1}^{2} z d z + \int_{1}^{2} z^{2} d z$

Step 9

By the Power Rule, the integral of $z$ with respect to $z$ is $\frac{1}{2} z^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} z^{2}]_{0}^{1} - (\frac{z^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{1}) - (\frac{1}{2} z^{2}]_{1}^{2}) + \int_{1}^{2} z^{2} d z$

Step 10

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $z^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} z^{2}]_{0}^{1} - (\frac{z^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{1}) - (\frac{z^{2}}{2}]_{1}^{2}) + \int_{1}^{2} z^{2} d z$

Step 11

By the Power Rule, the integral of $z^{2}$ with respect to $z$ is $\frac{1}{3} z^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} z^{2}]_{0}^{1} - (\frac{z^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{1}) - (\frac{z^{2}}{2}]_{1}^{2}) + \frac{1}{3} z^{3}]_{1}^{2}$

Step 12

Substitute and simplify.

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Step 12.1

Evaluate $\frac{1}{2} z^{2}$ at $1$ and at $0$ .

$(\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1^{2}) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0^{2} - (\frac{z^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{1}) - (\frac{z^{2}}{2}]_{1}^{2}) + \frac{1}{3} z^{3}]_{1}^{2}$

Step 12.2

Evaluate $\frac{z^{3}}{3}$ at $1$ and at $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1^{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0^{2} - (\frac{1^{3}}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{z^{2}}{2}]_{1}^{2}) + \frac{1}{3} z^{3}]_{1}^{2}$

Step 12.3

Evaluate $\frac{z^{2}}{2}$ at $2$ and at $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1^{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0^{2} - (\frac{1^{3}}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3}) - ((\frac{2^{2}}{2}) - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} z^{3}]_{1}^{2}$

Step 12.4

Evaluate $\frac{1}{3} z^{3}$ at $2$ and at $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1^{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0^{2} - (\frac{1^{3}}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5

Simplify.

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Step 12.5.1

One to any power is one.

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0^{2} - (\frac{1^{3}}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0^{2} - (\frac{1^{3}}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.3

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0 - (\frac{1^{3}}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.4

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} + 0 (\frac{1}{2}) - (\frac{1^{3}}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.5

Multiply $0$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} + 0 - (\frac{1^{3}}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.6

Add $\frac{1}{2}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1^{3}}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.7

One to any power is one.

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.8

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{3} - \frac{0}{3}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.9

Cancel the common factor of $0$ and $3$ .

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Step 12.5.9.1

Factor $3$ out of $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{3} - \frac{3 (0)}{3}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.9.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 12.5.9.2.1

Factor $3$ out of $3$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{3} - \frac{3 \cdot 0}{3 \cdot 1}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.9.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{3} - \frac{3 \cdot 0}{3 \cdot 1}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.9.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{3} - \frac{0}{1}) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.9.2.4

Divide $0$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{3} - 0) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.10

Multiply $- 1$ by $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{3} + 0) - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.11

Add $\frac{1}{3}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.12

To write $\frac{1}{2}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{3} - \frac{1}{3} - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.13

To write $- \frac{1}{3}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{2}{2} - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.14

Write each expression with a common denominator of $6$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 12.5.14.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{3}{2 \cdot 3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{2}{2} - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.14.2

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$\frac{3}{6} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{2}{2} - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.14.3

Multiply $\frac{1}{3}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{3}{6} - \frac{2}{3 \cdot 2} - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.14.4

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$\frac{3}{6} - \frac{2}{6} - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.15

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{3 - 2}{6} - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.16

Subtract $2$ from $3$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - (\frac{2^{2}}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.17

Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - (\frac{4}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.18

Cancel the common factor of $4$ and $2$ .

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Step 12.5.18.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - (\frac{2 \cdot 2}{2} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.18.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 12.5.18.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - (\frac{2 \cdot 2}{2 (1)} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.18.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{6} - (\frac{2 \cdot 2}{2 \cdot 1} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.18.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{6} - (\frac{2}{1} - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.18.2.4

Divide $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - (2 - \frac{1^{2}}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.19

One to any power is one.

$\frac{1}{6} - (2 - \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.20

To write $2$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - (2 \cdot \frac{2}{2} - \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.21

Combine $2$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - (\frac{2 \cdot 2}{2} - \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.22

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{6} - \frac{2 \cdot 2 - 1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.23

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 12.5.23.1

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - \frac{4 - 1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.23.2

Subtract $1$ from $4$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - \frac{3}{2} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.24

To write $- \frac{3}{2}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - \frac{3}{2} \cdot \frac{3}{3} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.25

Write each expression with a common denominator of $6$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 12.5.25.1

Multiply $\frac{3}{2}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - \frac{3 \cdot 3}{2 \cdot 3} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.25.2

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$\frac{1}{6} - \frac{3 \cdot 3}{6} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.26

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1 - 3 \cdot 3}{6} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.27

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 12.5.27.1

Multiply $- 3$ by $3$ .

$\frac{1 - 9}{6} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.27.2

Subtract $9$ from $1$ .

$\frac{- 8}{6} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.28

Cancel the common factor of $- 8$ and $6$ .

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Step 12.5.28.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 8$ .

$\frac{2 (- 4)}{6} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.28.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 12.5.28.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $6$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot - 4}{2 \cdot 3} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.28.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 \cdot - 4}{2 \cdot 3} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.28.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- 4}{3} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.29

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{4}{3} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 2^{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.30

Raise $2$ to the power of $3$ .

$- \frac{4}{3} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 8 - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.31

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $8$ .

$- \frac{4}{3} + \frac{8}{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1^{3}$

Step 12.5.32

One to any power is one.

$- \frac{4}{3} + \frac{8}{3} - \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1$

Step 12.5.33

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{4}{3} + \frac{8}{3} - \frac{1}{3}$

Step 12.5.34

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{4}{3} + \frac{8 - 1}{3}$

Step 12.5.35

Subtract $1$ from $8$ .

$- \frac{4}{3} + \frac{7}{3}$

Step 12.5.36

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- 4 + 7}{3}$

Step 12.5.37

Add $- 4$ and $7$ .

$\frac{3}{3}$

Step 12.5.38

Cancel the common factor of $3$ .

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Step 12.5.38.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{3}{3}$

Step 12.5.38.2

Rewrite the expression.

$1$

Step 13