Calculus Examples

$\ln (x) + \ln (x - 1) = 3$

Step 1

Simplify the left side.

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Step 1.1

Use the product property of logarithms, $\log_{b} (x) + \log_{b} (y) = \log_{b} (x y)$ .

$\ln (x (x - 1)) = 3$

Step 1.2

Simplify by multiplying through.

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Step 1.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\ln (x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1) = 3$

Step 1.2.2

Simplify the expression.

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Step 1.2.2.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\ln (x^{2} + x \cdot - 1) = 3$

Step 1.2.2.2

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x$ .

$\ln (x^{2} - 1 \cdot x) = 3$

Step 1.3

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$\ln (x^{2} - x) = 3$

Step 2

To solve for $x$ , rewrite the equation using properties of logarithms.

$e^{\ln (x^{2} - x)} = e^{3}$

Step 3

Rewrite $\ln (x^{2} - x) = 3$ in exponential form using the definition of a logarithm. If $x$ and $b$ are positive real numbers and $b \neq 1$ , then $\log_{b} (x) = y$ is equivalent to $b^{y} = x$ .

$e^{3} = x^{2} - x$

Step 4

Solve for $x$ .

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Step 4.1

Rewrite the equation as $x^{2} - x = e^{3}$ .

$x^{2} - x = e^{3}$

Step 4.2

Subtract $e^{3}$ from both sides of the equation.

$x^{2} - x - e^{3} = 0$

Step 4.3

Use the quadratic formula to find the solutions.

$\frac{- b \pm \sqrt{b^{2} - 4 (a c)}}{2 a}$

Step 4.4

Substitute the values $a = 1$ , $b = - 1$ , and $c = - e^{3}$ into the quadratic formula and solve for $x$ .

$\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{{(- 1)}^{2} - 4 \cdot (1 \cdot (- e^{3}))}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.5

Simplify.

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Step 4.5.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.5.1.1

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$x = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4 \cdot 1 \cdot (- 1 e^{3})}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.5.1.2

Multiply $- 4 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1$ .

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Step 4.5.1.2.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4 \cdot (- 1 e^{3})}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.5.1.2.2

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 1$ .

$x = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 + 4 e^{3}}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 + 4 e^{3}}}{2}$

Step 4.6

The final answer is the combination of both solutions.

$x = \frac{1 + \sqrt{1 + 4 e^{3}}}{2}, \frac{1 - \sqrt{1 + 4 e^{3}}}{2}$

Step 5

Exclude the solutions that do not make $\ln (x) + \ln (x - 1) = 3$ true.

$x = \frac{1 + \sqrt{1 + 4 e^{3}}}{2}$

Step 6

The result can be shown in multiple forms.

Exact Form:

$x = \frac{1 + \sqrt{1 + 4 e^{3}}}{2}$

Decimal Form:

$x = 5.00949408 \dots$