Calculus Examples

$\int_{1}^{3} \frac{1}{4 x} d x$

Step 1

Since $\frac{1}{4}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $\frac{1}{4}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{4} \int_{1}^{3} \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 2

The integral of $\frac{1}{x}$ with respect to $x$ is $\ln (| x |)$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \ln (| x |)]_{1}^{3}$

Step 3

Simplify the answer.

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Step 3.1

Evaluate $\ln (| x |)$ at $3$ and at $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (\ln (| 3 |) - \ln (| 1 |))$

Step 3.2

Simplify.

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Step 3.2.1

Use the quotient property of logarithms, $\log_{b} (x) - \log_{b} (y) = \log_{b} (\frac{x}{y})$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \ln (\frac{| 3 |}{| 1 |})$

Step 3.2.2

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\ln (\frac{| 3 |}{| 1 |})$ .

$\frac{\ln (\frac{| 3 |}{| 1 |})}{4}$

Step 3.3

Simplify.

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Step 3.3.1

The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between $0$ and $3$ is $3$ .

$\frac{\ln (\frac{3}{| 1 |})}{4}$

Step 3.3.2

The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between $0$ and $1$ is $1$ .

$\frac{\ln (\frac{3}{1})}{4}$

Step 3.3.3

Divide $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\ln (3)}{4}$

Step 4

The result can be shown in multiple forms.

Exact Form:

$\frac{\ln (3)}{4}$

Decimal Form:

$0.27465307 \dots$

Step 5