Calculus Examples

$\int_{- 1}^{1} e^{- 2 x} d x$

Step 1

Let $u = - 2 x$ . Then $d u = - 2 d x$ , so $- \frac{1}{2} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.1

Let $u = - 2 x$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x]$

Step 1.1.2

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 1.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- 2 \cdot 1$

Step 1.1.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$- 2$

Step 1.2

Substitute the lower limit in for $x$ in $u = - 2 x$ .

$u_{lower} = - 2 \cdot - 1$

Step 1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$u_{lower} = 2$

Step 1.4

Substitute the upper limit in for $x$ in $u = - 2 x$ .

$u_{upper} = - 2 \cdot 1$

Step 1.5

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$u_{upper} = - 2$

Step 1.6

The values found for $u_{lower}$ and $u_{upper}$ will be used to evaluate the definite integral.

$u_{lower} = 2$

$u_{upper} = - 2$

Step 1.7

Rewrite the problem using $u$ , $d u$ , and the new limits of integration.

$\int_{2}^{- 2} e^{u} \frac{1}{- 2} d u$

Step 2

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 2.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\int_{2}^{- 2} e^{u} (- \frac{1}{2}) d u$

Step 2.2

Combine $e^{u}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{2}^{- 2} - \frac{e^{u}}{2} d u$

Step 3

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \int_{2}^{- 2} \frac{e^{u}}{2} d u$

Step 4

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$- (\frac{1}{2} \int_{2}^{- 2} e^{u} d u)$

Step 5

The integral of $e^{u}$ with respect to $u$ is $e^{u}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} e^{u}]_{2}^{- 2}$

Step 6

Evaluate $e^{u}$ at $- 2$ and at $2$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} (e^{- 2} - e^{2})$

Step 7

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.1

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{1}{2} e^{- 2} - \frac{1}{2} (- e^{2})$

Step 7.2

Combine $e^{- 2}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$- \frac{e^{- 2}}{2} - \frac{1}{2} (- e^{2})$

Step 7.3

Multiply $- \frac{1}{2} (- e^{2})$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{e^{- 2}}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) e^{2}$

Step 7.3.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{e^{- 2}}{2} + \frac{1}{2} e^{2}$

Step 7.3.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $e^{2}$ .

$- \frac{e^{- 2}}{2} + \frac{e^{2}}{2}$

Step 7.4

Move $e^{- 2}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 e^{2}} + \frac{e^{2}}{2}$

Step 8

The result can be shown in multiple forms.

Exact Form:

$- \frac{1}{2 e^{2}} + \frac{e^{2}}{2}$

Decimal Form:

$3.62686040 \dots$

Step 9