Calculus Examples

$\int_{0}^{1} x \sqrt{1 - x} d x$

Step 1

Integrate by parts using the formula $\int u d v = u v - \int v d u$ , where $u = x$ and $d v = \sqrt{1 - x}$ .

$x (- \frac{2}{3} {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})]_{0}^{1} - \int_{0}^{1} - \frac{2}{3} {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}} d x$

Step 2

Simplify.

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Step 2.1

Combine ${(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ and $\frac{2}{3}$ .

$x (- \frac{{(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 2}{3})]_{0}^{1} - \int_{0}^{1} - \frac{2}{3} {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}} d x$

Step 2.2

Combine $x$ and $\frac{{(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 2}{3}$ .

$- \frac{x ({(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 2)}{3}]_{0}^{1} - \int_{0}^{1} - \frac{2}{3} {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}} d x$

Step 2.3

Move $2$ to the left of ${(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} - \int_{0}^{1} - \frac{2}{3} {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}} d x$

Step 3

Since $- \frac{2}{3}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- \frac{2}{3}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} - (- \frac{2}{3} \int_{0}^{1} {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}} d x)$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} + 1 (\frac{2}{3} \int_{0}^{1} {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}} d x)$

Step 4.2

Multiply $\frac{2}{3}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} + \frac{2}{3} \int_{0}^{1} {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}} d x$

Step 5

Let $u = 1 - x$ . Then $d u = - d x$ , so $- d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 5.1

Let $u = 1 - x$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 5.1.1

Differentiate $1 - x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [1 - x]$

Step 5.1.2

Differentiate.

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Step 5.1.2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - x$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x]$

Step 5.1.2.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- x]$

Step 5.1.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- x]$ .

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Step 5.1.3.1

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$0 - \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 5.1.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot 1$

Step 5.1.3.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$0 - 1$

Step 5.1.4

Subtract $1$ from $0$ .

$- 1$

Step 5.2

Substitute the lower limit in for $x$ in $u = 1 - x$ .

$u_{lower} = 1 - 0$

Step 5.3

Subtract $0$ from $1$ .

$u_{lower} = 1$

Step 5.4

Substitute the upper limit in for $x$ in $u = 1 - x$ .

$u_{upper} = 1 - 1 \cdot 1$

Step 5.5

Simplify.

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Step 5.5.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$u_{upper} = 1 - 1$

Step 5.5.2

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$u_{upper} = 0$

Step 5.6

The values found for $u_{lower}$ and $u_{upper}$ will be used to evaluate the definite integral.

$u_{lower} = 1$

$u_{upper} = 0$

Step 5.7

Rewrite the problem using $u$ , $d u$ , and the new limits of integration.

$- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} + \frac{2}{3} \int_{1}^{0} - u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u$

Step 6

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} + \frac{2}{3} (- \int_{1}^{0} u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u)$

Step 7

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{\frac{3}{2}}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} + \frac{2}{3} (- (\frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}]_{1}^{0}))$

Step 8

Simplify.

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Step 8.1

Combine $\frac{2}{5}$ and $u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} + \frac{2}{3} (- (\frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}]_{1}^{0}))$

Step 8.2

Combine $\frac{2}{3}$ and $\frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}]_{1}^{0}$ .

$- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} - \frac{2 (\frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}]_{1}^{0})}{3}$

Step 8.3

To write $- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} \cdot \frac{3}{3} - \frac{2 (\frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}]_{1}^{0})}{3}$

Step 8.4

Combine $- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1}$ and $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} \cdot 3}{3} - \frac{2 (\frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}]_{1}^{0})}{3}$

Step 8.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1} \cdot 3 - 2 (\frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}]_{1}^{0})}{3}$

Step 8.6

Move $3$ to the left of $- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1}$ .

$\frac{3 (- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}]_{0}^{1}) - 2 (\frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}]_{1}^{0})}{3}$

Step 9

Substitute and simplify.

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Step 9.1

Evaluate $- \frac{x (2 {(1 - x)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}$ at $1$ and at $0$ .

$\frac{3 ((- \frac{1 (2 {(1 - 1 \cdot 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 (\frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}]_{1}^{0})}{3}$

Step 9.2

Evaluate $\frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}$ at $0$ and at $1$ .

$\frac{3 ((- \frac{1 (2 {(1 - 1 \cdot 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3

Simplify.

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Step 9.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{3 (- \frac{1 (2 {(1 - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.2

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$\frac{3 (- \frac{1 (2 \cdot 0^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.3

Rewrite $0$ as $0^{2}$ .

$\frac{3 (- \frac{1 (2 \cdot {(0^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.4

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{3 (- \frac{1 (2 \cdot 0^{2 (\frac{3}{2})})}{3} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.5

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 9.3.5.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{3 (- \frac{1 (2 \cdot 0^{2 (\frac{3}{2})})}{3} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.5.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3 (- \frac{1 (2 \cdot 0^{3})}{3} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.6

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$\frac{3 (- \frac{1 (2 \cdot 0)}{3} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.7

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$\frac{3 (- \frac{1 \cdot 0}{3} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.8

Multiply $0$ by $1$ .

$\frac{3 (- \frac{0}{3} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.9

Cancel the common factor of $0$ and $3$ .

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Step 9.3.9.1

Factor $3$ out of $0$ .

$\frac{3 (- \frac{3 (0)}{3} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.9.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 9.3.9.2.1

Factor $3$ out of $3$ .

$\frac{3 (- \frac{3 \cdot 0}{3 \cdot 1} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.9.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{3 (- \frac{3 \cdot 0}{3 \cdot 1} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.9.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3 (- \frac{0}{1} + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.9.2.4

Divide $0$ by $1$ .

$\frac{3 (- 0 + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.10

Multiply $- 1$ by $0$ .

$\frac{3 (0 + \frac{0 (2 {(1 - 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.11

Multiply $- 1$ by $0$ .

$\frac{3 (0 + \frac{0 (2 {(1 + 0)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.12

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$\frac{3 (0 + \frac{0 (2 \cdot 1^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.13

One to any power is one.

$\frac{3 (0 + \frac{0 (2 \cdot 1)}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.14

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{3 (0 + \frac{0 \cdot 2}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.15

Multiply $0$ by $2$ .

$\frac{3 (0 + \frac{0}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.16

Cancel the common factor of $0$ and $3$ .

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Step 9.3.16.1

Factor $3$ out of $0$ .

$\frac{3 (0 + \frac{3 (0)}{3}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.16.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 9.3.16.2.1

Factor $3$ out of $3$ .

$\frac{3 (0 + \frac{3 \cdot 0}{3 \cdot 1}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.16.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{3 (0 + \frac{3 \cdot 0}{3 \cdot 1}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.16.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3 (0 + \frac{0}{1}) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.16.2.4

Divide $0$ by $1$ .

$\frac{3 (0 + 0) - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.17

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$\frac{3 \cdot 0 - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.18

Multiply $3$ by $0$ .

$\frac{0 - 2 ((\frac{2 \cdot 0^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}) - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.19

Rewrite $0$ as $0^{2}$ .

$\frac{0 - 2 (\frac{2 \cdot {(0^{2})}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.20

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{0 - 2 (\frac{2 \cdot 0^{2 (\frac{5}{2})}}{5} - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.21

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 9.3.21.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{0 - 2 (\frac{2 \cdot 0^{2 (\frac{5}{2})}}{5} - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.21.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{0 - 2 (\frac{2 \cdot 0^{5}}{5} - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.22

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$\frac{0 - 2 (\frac{2 \cdot 0}{5} - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.23

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$\frac{0 - 2 (\frac{0}{5} - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.24

Cancel the common factor of $0$ and $5$ .

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Step 9.3.24.1

Factor $5$ out of $0$ .

$\frac{0 - 2 (\frac{5 (0)}{5} - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.24.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 9.3.24.2.1

Factor $5$ out of $5$ .

$\frac{0 - 2 (\frac{5 \cdot 0}{5 \cdot 1} - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.24.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{0 - 2 (\frac{5 \cdot 0}{5 \cdot 1} - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.24.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{0 - 2 (\frac{0}{1} - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.24.2.4

Divide $0$ by $1$ .

$\frac{0 - 2 (0 - \frac{2 \cdot 1^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.25

One to any power is one.

$\frac{0 - 2 (0 - \frac{2 \cdot 1}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.26

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{0 - 2 (0 - \frac{2}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.27

Subtract $\frac{2}{5}$ from $0$ .

$\frac{0 - 2 (- \frac{2}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.28

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{0 + 2 (\frac{2}{5})}{3}$

Step 9.3.29

Combine $2$ and $\frac{2}{5}$ .

$\frac{0 + \frac{2 \cdot 2}{5}}{3}$

Step 9.3.30

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{0 + \frac{4}{5}}{3}$

Step 9.3.31

Add $0$ and $\frac{4}{5}$ .

$\frac{\frac{4}{5}}{3}$

Step 9.3.32

Rewrite $\frac{\frac{4}{5}}{3}$ as a product.

$\frac{4}{5} \cdot \frac{1}{3}$

Step 9.3.33

Multiply $\frac{4}{5}$ by $\frac{1}{3}$ .

$\frac{4}{5 \cdot 3}$

Step 9.3.34

Multiply $5$ by $3$ .

$\frac{4}{15}$

Step 10

The result can be shown in multiple forms.

Exact Form:

$\frac{4}{15}$

Decimal Form:

$0.2\overline{6}$

Step 11