Calculus Examples

$\int x \arcsin (x^{2}) d x$

Step 1

Let $u_{1} = x^{2}$ . Then $d u_{1} = 2 x d x$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{1} = x d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Step 1.1

Let $u_{1} = x^{2}$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$

Step 1.1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 x$

Step 1.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ and $d u_{1}$ .

$\int \arcsin (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} d u_{1}$

Step 2

Combine $\arcsin (u_{1})$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int \frac{\arcsin (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1}$

Step 3

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \arcsin (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 4

Integrate by parts using the formula $\int w d v = w v - \int v d w$ , where $w = \arcsin (u_{1})$ and $dv = 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} - \int u_{1} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - {u_{1}}^{2}}} d u_{1})$

Step 5

Combine $u_{1}$ and $\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - {u_{1}}^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} - \int \frac{u_{1}}{\sqrt{1 - {u_{1}}^{2}}} d u_{1})$

Step 6

Let $u_{2} = 1 - {u_{1}}^{2}$ . Then $d u_{2} = - 2 u_{1} d u_{1}$ , so $- \frac{1}{2} d u_{2} = u_{1} d u_{1}$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 6.1

Let $u_{2} = 1 - {u_{1}}^{2}$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d u_{1}}$ .

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Step 6.1.1

Differentiate $1 - {u_{1}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [1 - {u_{1}}^{2}]$

Step 6.1.2

Differentiate.

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Step 6.1.2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - {u_{1}}^{2}$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [1] + \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [- {u_{1}}^{2}]$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [1] + \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [- {u_{1}}^{2}]$

Step 6.1.2.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $0$ .

$0 + \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [- {u_{1}}^{2}]$

Step 6.1.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [- {u_{1}}^{2}]$ .

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Step 6.1.3.1

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , the derivative of $- {u_{1}}^{2}$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $- \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{2}]$ .

$0 - \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{2}]$

Step 6.1.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$0 - (2 u_{1})$

Step 6.1.3.3

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$0 - 2 u_{1}$

Step 6.1.4

Subtract $2 u_{1}$ from $0$ .

$- 2 u_{1}$

Step 6.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ and $d u_{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} - \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{u_{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{- 2} d u_{2})$

Step 7

Simplify.

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Step 7.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} - \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{u_{2}}} (- \frac{1}{2}) d u_{2})$

Step 7.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{\sqrt{u_{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} - \int - \frac{1}{\sqrt{u_{2}} \cdot 2} d u_{2})$

Step 7.3

Move $2$ to the left of $\sqrt{u_{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} - \int - \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{u_{2}}} d u_{2})$

Step 8

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{2}$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} - - \int \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{u_{2}}} d u_{2})$

Step 9

Simplify.

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Step 9.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + 1 \int \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{u_{2}}} d u_{2})$

Step 9.2

Multiply $\int \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{u_{2}}} d u_{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{u_{2}}} d u_{2})$

Step 10

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{2}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{u_{2}}} d u_{2})$

Step 11

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 11.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{u_{2}}$ as ${u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{{u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}} d u_{2})$

Step 11.2

Move ${u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + \frac{1}{2} \int {({u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{- 1} d u_{2})$

Step 11.3

Multiply the exponents in ${({u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 11.3.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + \frac{1}{2} \int {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot - 1} d u_{2})$

Step 11.3.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + \frac{1}{2} \int {u_{2}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} d u_{2})$

Step 11.3.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + \frac{1}{2} \int {u_{2}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u_{2})$

Step 12

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{2}}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $2 {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + \frac{1}{2} (2 {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + C))$

Step 13

Rewrite $\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + \frac{1}{2} (2 {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + C))$ as $\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (u_{1}) u_{1} + {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 14

Substitute back in for each integration substitution variable.

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Step 14.1

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (x^{2}) x^{2} + {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 14.2

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $1 - {u_{1}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (x^{2}) x^{2} + {(1 - {u_{1}}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 14.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (x^{2}) x^{2} + {(1 - {(x^{2})}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 15

Simplify.

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Step 15.1

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

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Step 15.1.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (x^{2}) x^{2} + {(1 - x^{2 \cdot 2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 15.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (x^{2}) x^{2} + {(1 - x^{4})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 15.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (x^{2}) x^{2}) + \frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{4})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + C$

Step 15.3

Multiply $\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (x^{2}) x^{2})$ .

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Step 15.3.1

Combine $\arcsin (x^{2})$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{\arcsin (x^{2})}{2} x^{2} + \frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{4})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + C$

Step 15.3.2

Combine $\frac{\arcsin (x^{2})}{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{\arcsin (x^{2}) x^{2}}{2} + \frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{4})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + C$

Step 15.4

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(1 - x^{4})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{\arcsin (x^{2}) x^{2}}{2} + \frac{{(1 - x^{4})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2} + C$

Step 15.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\arcsin (x^{2}) x^{2} + {(1 - x^{4})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2} + C$

Step 15.6

Reorder factors in $\arcsin (x^{2}) x^{2} + {(1 - x^{4})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} \arcsin (x^{2}) + {(1 - x^{4})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2} + C$

Step 16

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{2} (x^{2} \arcsin (x^{2}) + {(1 - x^{4})}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$