Calculus Examples

$\int x^{2} \sin (4 x) d x$

Step 1

Integrate by parts using the formula $\int u d v = u v - \int v d u$ , where $u = x^{2}$ and $d v = \sin (4 x)$ .

$x^{2} (- \frac{1}{4} \cos (4 x)) - \int - \frac{1}{4} \cos (4 x) (2 x) d x$

Step 2

Simplify.

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Step 2.1

Combine $\cos (4 x)$ and $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$x^{2} (- \frac{\cos (4 x)}{4}) - \int - \frac{1}{4} \cos (4 x) (2 x) d x$

Step 2.2

Combine $x^{2}$ and $\frac{\cos (4 x)}{4}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} - \int - \frac{1}{4} \cos (4 x) (2 x) d x$

Step 3

Since $- \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} - (- \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 \int \cos (4 x) (x) d x)$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} - (- 2 (\frac{1}{4}) \int \cos (4 x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} - (\frac{- 2}{4} \int \cos (4 x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.3

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $4$ .

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Step 4.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} - (\frac{2 (- 1)}{4} \int \cos (4 x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.3.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 4.3.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} - (\frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 2} \int \cos (4 x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.3.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} - (\frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 2} \int \cos (4 x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.3.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} - (\frac{- 1}{2} \int \cos (4 x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.4

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} - (- \frac{1}{2} \int \cos (4 x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + 1 (\frac{1}{2} \int \cos (4 x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.6

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \int \cos (4 x) (x) d x$

Step 5

Integrate by parts using the formula $\int u d v = u v - \int v d u$ , where $u = x$ and $d v = \cos (4 x)$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (x (\frac{1}{4} \sin (4 x)) - \int \frac{1}{4} \sin (4 x) d x)$

Step 6

Simplify.

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Step 6.1

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\sin (4 x)$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (x \frac{\sin (4 x)}{4} - \int \frac{1}{4} \sin (4 x) d x)$

Step 6.2

Combine $x$ and $\frac{\sin (4 x)}{4}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} - \int \frac{1}{4} \sin (4 x) d x)$

Step 6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\sin (4 x)$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} - \int \frac{\sin (4 x)}{4} d x)$

Step 7

Since $\frac{1}{4}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $\frac{1}{4}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} - (\frac{1}{4} \int \sin (4 x) d x))$

Step 8

Let $u = 4 x$ . Then $d u = 4 d x$ , so $\frac{1}{4} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 8.1

Let $u = 4 x$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 8.1.1

Differentiate $4 x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [4 x]$

Step 8.1.2

Since $4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $4 x$ with respect to $x$ is $4 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$4 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 8.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$4 \cdot 1$

Step 8.1.4

Multiply $4$ by $1$ .

$4$

Step 8.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} - \frac{1}{4} \int \sin (u) \frac{1}{4} d u)$

Step 9

Combine $\sin (u)$ and $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} - \frac{1}{4} \int \frac{\sin (u)}{4} d u)$

Step 10

Since $\frac{1}{4}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{4}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} - \frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{4} \int \sin (u) d u))$

Step 11

Simplify.

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Step 11.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} - \frac{1}{4 \cdot 4} \int \sin (u) d u)$

Step 11.2

Multiply $4$ by $4$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} - \frac{1}{16} \int \sin (u) d u)$

Step 12

The integral of $\sin (u)$ with respect to $u$ is $- \cos (u)$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} - \frac{1}{16} (- \cos (u) + C))$

Step 13

Simplify.

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Step 13.1

Rewrite $- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} - \frac{1}{16} (- \cos (u) + C))$ as $- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16}) + C$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16}) + C$

Step 13.2

Simplify.

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Step 13.2.1

To write $\frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16})$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16}) \cdot \frac{4}{4} + C$

Step 13.2.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16})$ and $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16}) \cdot 4}{4} + C$

Step 13.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16}) \cdot 4}{4} + C$

Step 13.2.4

Combine $4$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \frac{4}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16})}{4} + C$

Step 13.2.5

Cancel the common factor of $4$ and $2$ .

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Step 13.2.5.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \frac{2 \cdot 2}{2} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16})}{4} + C$

Step 13.2.5.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 13.2.5.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \frac{2 \cdot 2}{2 (1)} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16})}{4} + C$

Step 13.2.5.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \frac{2 \cdot 2}{2 \cdot 1} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16})}{4} + C$

Step 13.2.5.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \frac{2}{1} (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16})}{4} + C$

Step 13.2.5.2.4

Divide $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + 2 (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{16})}{4} + C$

Step 14

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $4 x$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + 2 (\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + \frac{\cos (4 x)}{16})}{4} + C$

Step 15

Simplify.

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Step 15.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + 2 \frac{x \sin (4 x)}{4} + 2 \frac{\cos (4 x)}{16}}{4} + C$

Step 15.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 15.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + 2 \frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2 (2)} + 2 \frac{\cos (4 x)}{16}}{4} + C$

Step 15.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + 2 \frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2 \cdot 2} + 2 \frac{\cos (4 x)}{16}}{4} + C$

Step 15.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2} + 2 \frac{\cos (4 x)}{16}}{4} + C$

Step 15.3

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 15.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $16$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2} + 2 \frac{\cos (4 x)}{2 (8)}}{4} + C$

Step 15.3.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2} + 2 \frac{\cos (4 x)}{2 \cdot 8}}{4} + C$

Step 15.3.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2} + \frac{\cos (4 x)}{8}}{4} + C$

Step 16

Simplify.

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Step 16.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 16.1.1

To write $- x^{2} \cos (4 x)$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{8}{8}$ .

$\frac{\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2} - x^{2} \cos (4 x) \cdot \frac{8}{8} + \frac{\cos (4 x)}{8}}{4} + C$

Step 16.1.2

Combine $- x^{2} \cos (4 x)$ and $\frac{8}{8}$ .

$\frac{\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2} + \frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) \cdot 8}{8} + \frac{\cos (4 x)}{8}}{4} + C$

Step 16.1.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2} + \frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) \cdot 8 + \cos (4 x)}{8}}{4} + C$

Step 16.1.4

To write $\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$\frac{\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2} \cdot \frac{4}{4} + \frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) \cdot 8 + \cos (4 x)}{8}}{4} + C$

Step 16.1.5

Write each expression with a common denominator of $8$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 16.1.5.1

Multiply $\frac{x \sin (4 x)}{2}$ by $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$\frac{\frac{x \sin (4 x) \cdot 4}{2 \cdot 4} + \frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) \cdot 8 + \cos (4 x)}{8}}{4} + C$

Step 16.1.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$\frac{\frac{x \sin (4 x) \cdot 4}{8} + \frac{- x^{2} \cos (4 x) \cdot 8 + \cos (4 x)}{8}}{4} + C$

Step 16.1.6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{x \sin (4 x) \cdot 4 - x^{2} \cos (4 x) \cdot 8 + \cos (4 x)}{8}}{4} + C$

Step 16.1.7

Rewrite $\frac{x \sin (4 x) \cdot 4 - x^{2} \cos (4 x) \cdot 8 + \cos (4 x)}{8}$ in a factored form.

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Step 16.1.7.1

Move $4$ to the left of $x \sin (4 x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{4 \cdot (x \sin (4 x)) - x^{2} \cos (4 x) \cdot 8 + \cos (4 x)}{8}}{4} + C$

Step 16.1.7.2

Multiply $8$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{\frac{4 x \sin (4 x) - 8 x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \cos (4 x)}{8}}{4} + C$

Step 16.2

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$\frac{4 x \sin (4 x) - 8 x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \cos (4 x)}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{4} + C$

Step 16.3

Multiply $\frac{4 x \sin (4 x) - 8 x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \cos (4 x)}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{4}$ .

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Step 16.3.1

Multiply $\frac{4 x \sin (4 x) - 8 x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \cos (4 x)}{8}$ by $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\frac{4 x \sin (4 x) - 8 x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \cos (4 x)}{8 \cdot 4} + C$

Step 16.3.2

Multiply $8$ by $4$ .

$\frac{4 x \sin (4 x) - 8 x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \cos (4 x)}{32} + C$

Step 16.4

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{32} (4 x \sin (4 x) - 8 x^{2} \cos (4 x) + \cos (4 x)) + C$