Calculus Examples

$\int \sin^{2} (π x) \cos^{5} (π x) d x$

Step 1

Let $u_{1} = π x$ . Then $d u_{1} = π d x$ , so $\frac{1}{π} d u_{1} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Step 1.1

Let $u_{1} = π x$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $π x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [π x]$

Step 1.1.2

Since $π$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $π x$ with respect to $x$ is $π \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$π \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 1.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$π \cdot 1$

Step 1.1.4

Multiply $π$ by $1$ .

$π$

$π$

Step 1.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ and $d u_{1}$ .

$\int \sin^{2} (u_{1}) \cos^{5} (u_{1}) \frac{1}{π} d u_{1}$

$\int \sin^{2} (u_{1}) \cos^{5} (u_{1}) \frac{1}{π} d u_{1}$

Step 2

Simplify.

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Step 2.1

Combine $\frac{1}{π}$ and $\sin^{2} (u_{1})$ .

$\int \frac{\sin^{2} (u_{1})}{π} \cos^{5} (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 2.2

Combine $\frac{\sin^{2} (u_{1})}{π}$ and $\cos^{5} (u_{1})$ .

$\int \frac{\sin^{2} (u_{1}) \cos^{5} (u_{1})}{π} d u_{1}$

$\int \frac{\sin^{2} (u_{1}) \cos^{5} (u_{1})}{π} d u_{1}$

Step 3

Since $\frac{1}{π}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{π}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{π} \int \sin^{2} (u_{1}) \cos^{5} (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 4

Factor out $\cos^{4} (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int \sin^{2} (u_{1}) (\cos^{4} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 5

Simplify with factoring out.

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Step 5.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int \sin^{2} (u_{1}) ({\cos (u_{1})}^{2 (2)} \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2

Rewrite ${\cos (u_{1})}^{2 (2)}$ as exponentiation.

$\frac{1}{π} \int \sin^{2} (u_{1}) ({(\cos^{2} (u_{1}))}^{2} \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

$\frac{1}{π} \int \sin^{2} (u_{1}) ({(\cos^{2} (u_{1}))}^{2} \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 6

Using the Pythagorean Identity, rewrite $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ as $1 - \sin^{2} (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int \sin^{2} (u_{1}) ({(1 - \sin^{2} (u_{1}))}^{2} \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 7

Let $u_{2} = \sin (u_{1})$ . Then $d u_{2} = \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$ , so $\frac{1}{\cos (u_{1})} d u_{2} = d u_{1}$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 7.1

Let $u_{2} = \sin (u_{1})$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d u_{1}}$ .

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Step 7.1.1

Differentiate $\sin (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\sin (u_{1})]$

Step 7.1.2

The derivative of $\sin (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\cos (u_{1})$

$\cos (u_{1})$

Step 7.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ and $d u_{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} {(1 - {u_{2}}^{2})}^{2} d u_{2}$

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} {(1 - {u_{2}}^{2})}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8

Expand ${u_{2}}^{2} {(1 - {u_{2}}^{2})}^{2}$ .

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Step 8.1

Rewrite ${(1 - {u_{2}}^{2})}^{2}$ as $(1 - {u_{2}}^{2}) (1 - {u_{2}}^{2})$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} ((1 - {u_{2}}^{2}) (1 - {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} (1 (1 - {u_{2}}^{2}) - {u_{2}}^{2} (1 - {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} (1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- {u_{2}}^{2}) - {u_{2}}^{2} (1 - {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} (1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- {u_{2}}^{2}) - {u_{2}}^{2} \cdot 1 - {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} (1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- {u_{2}}^{2})) + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} \cdot 1 - {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} (1 \cdot 1) + {u_{2}}^{2} (1 (- {u_{2}}^{2})) + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} \cdot 1 - {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.7

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} (1 \cdot 1) + {u_{2}}^{2} (1 (- {u_{2}}^{2})) + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} \cdot 1) + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.8

Move ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (1 (- {u_{2}}^{2})) + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} \cdot 1) + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.9

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{π} \int 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (1 \cdot - 1) {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} \cdot 1) + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.10

Move ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} \cdot 1) + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.11

Move ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (- 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2}) + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.12

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{π} \int 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (- 1 \cdot 1) {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.13

Move ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2} (- {u_{2}}^{2})) d u_{2}$

Step 8.14

Move ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (- 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2}) d u_{2}$

Step 8.15

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{π} \int 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (- 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2}) {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.16

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{π} \int 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{2} (- 1 \cdot - 1) {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.17

Move ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.18

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int 1 {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.19

Multiply ${u_{2}}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.20

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.21

Factor out negative.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - ({u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2}) - 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.22

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{2 + 2} - 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.23

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{4} - 1 \cdot 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.24

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{4} - {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.25

Factor out negative.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{4} - ({u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2}) - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.26

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{4} - {u_{2}}^{2 + 2} - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.27

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{4} - {u_{2}}^{4} - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.28

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{4} - {u_{2}}^{4} + 1 {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.29

Multiply ${u_{2}}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{4} - {u_{2}}^{4} + {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.30

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{4} - {u_{2}}^{4} + {u_{2}}^{2 + 2} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.31

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{4} - {u_{2}}^{4} + {u_{2}}^{4} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.32

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{4} - {u_{2}}^{4} + {u_{2}}^{4 + 2} d u_{2}$

Step 8.33

Add $4$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - {u_{2}}^{4} - {u_{2}}^{4} + {u_{2}}^{6} d u_{2}$

Step 8.34

Subtract ${u_{2}}^{4}$ from $- {u_{2}}^{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} - 2 {u_{2}}^{4} + {u_{2}}^{6} d u_{2}$

Step 8.35

Reorder $- 2 {u_{2}}^{4}$ and ${u_{2}}^{6}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{2} + {u_{2}}^{6} - 2 {u_{2}}^{4} d u_{2}$

Step 8.36

Move ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{6} - 2 {u_{2}}^{4} + {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

$\frac{1}{π} \int {u_{2}}^{6} - 2 {u_{2}}^{4} + {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}$

Step 9

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{π} (\int {u_{2}}^{6} d u_{2} + \int - 2 {u_{2}}^{4} d u_{2} + \int {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2})$

Step 10

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{2}}^{6}$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\frac{1}{7} {u_{2}}^{7}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{1}{7} {u_{2}}^{7} + C + \int - 2 {u_{2}}^{4} d u_{2} + \int {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2})$

Step 11

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $u_{2}$ , move $- 2$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{1}{7} {u_{2}}^{7} + C - 2 \int {u_{2}}^{4} d u_{2} + \int {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2})$

Step 12

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{2}}^{4}$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\frac{1}{5} {u_{2}}^{5}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{1}{7} {u_{2}}^{7} + C - 2 (\frac{1}{5} {u_{2}}^{5} + C) + \int {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2})$

Step 13

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{2}}^{2}$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\frac{1}{3} {u_{2}}^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{1}{7} {u_{2}}^{7} + C - 2 (\frac{1}{5} {u_{2}}^{5} + C) + \frac{1}{3} {u_{2}}^{3} + C)$

Step 14

Simplify.

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Step 14.1

Simplify.

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Step 14.1.1

Combine $\frac{1}{5}$ and ${u_{2}}^{5}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{1}{7} {u_{2}}^{7} + C - 2 (\frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} + C) + \frac{1}{3} {u_{2}}^{3} + C)$

Step 14.1.2

Combine $\frac{1}{7}$ and ${u_{2}}^{7}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{{u_{2}}^{7}}{7} + C - 2 (\frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} + C) + \frac{1}{3} {u_{2}}^{3} + C)$

Step 14.1.3

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and ${u_{2}}^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{{u_{2}}^{7}}{7} + C - 2 (\frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} + C) + \frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)$

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{{u_{2}}^{7}}{7} + C - 2 (\frac{{u_{2}}^{5}}{5} + C) + \frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)$

Step 14.2

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{{u_{2}}^{7}}{7} - \frac{2 {u_{2}}^{5}}{5} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}) + C$

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{{u_{2}}^{7}}{7} - \frac{2 {u_{2}}^{5}}{5} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}) + C$

Step 15

Substitute back in for each integration substitution variable.

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Step 15.1

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $\sin (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{\sin^{7} (u_{1})}{7} - \frac{2 \sin^{5} (u_{1})}{5} + \frac{\sin^{3} (u_{1})}{3}) + C$

Step 15.2

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $π x$ .

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{\sin^{7} (π x)}{7} - \frac{2 \sin^{5} (π x)}{5} + \frac{\sin^{3} (π x)}{3}) + C$

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{\sin^{7} (π x)}{7} - \frac{2 \sin^{5} (π x)}{5} + \frac{\sin^{3} (π x)}{3}) + C$

Step 16

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{π} (\frac{1}{7} \sin^{7} (π x) - \frac{2}{5} \sin^{5} (π x) + \frac{1}{3} \sin^{3} (π x)) + C$

$[\begin{array}{c} x^{2} & \frac{1}{2} \\ \sqrt{π} & \int x d x \end{array}]$