Calculus Examples

$\int \frac{8 x^{3} - 1}{2 x - 1} d x$

Step 1

Divide $8 x^{3} - 1$ by $2 x - 1$ .

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Step 1.1

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$2 x$

$1$

$8 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$1$

Step 1.2

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $8 x^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $2 x$ .

					$4 x^{2}$
	$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$

Step 1.3

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

				$4 x^{2}$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			+	$8 x^{3}$	-	$4 x^{2}$

Step 1.4

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $8 x^{3} - 4 x^{2}$

				$4 x^{2}$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$

Step 1.5

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

				$4 x^{2}$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$
					+	$4 x^{2}$

Step 1.6

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

				$4 x^{2}$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$
					+	$4 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$

Step 1.7

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $4 x^{2}$ by the highest order term in divisor $2 x$ .

				$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$
					+	$4 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$

Step 1.8

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

				$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$
					+	$4 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$4 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$

Step 1.9

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $4 x^{2} - 2 x$

				$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$
					+	$4 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					-	$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$

Step 1.10

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

				$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$
					+	$4 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					-	$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$
							+	$2 x$

Step 1.11

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

				$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$
					+	$4 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					-	$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$
							+	$2 x$	-	$1$

Step 1.12

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $2 x$ by the highest order term in divisor $2 x$ .

				$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$	+	$1$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$
					+	$4 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					-	$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$
							+	$2 x$	-	$1$

Step 1.13

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

				$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$	+	$1$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$
					+	$4 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					-	$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$
							+	$2 x$	-	$1$
							+	$2 x$	-	$1$

Step 1.14

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $2 x - 1$

				$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$	+	$1$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$
					+	$4 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					-	$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$
							+	$2 x$	-	$1$
							-	$2 x$	+	$1$

Step 1.15

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

				$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$	+	$1$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$8 x^{3}$	+	$0 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	-	$1$
			-	$8 x^{3}$	+	$4 x^{2}$
					+	$4 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					-	$4 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$
							+	$2 x$	-	$1$
							-	$2 x$	+	$1$
										$0$

Step 1.16

Since the remander is $0$ , the final answer is the quotient.

$\int 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 1 d x$

Step 2

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int 4 x^{2} d x + \int 2 x d x + \int d x$

Step 3

Since $4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $4$ out of the integral.

$4 \int x^{2} d x + \int 2 x d x + \int d x$

Step 4

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{3} x^{3}$ .

$4 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) + \int 2 x d x + \int d x$

Step 5

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $2$ out of the integral.

$4 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) + 2 \int x d x + \int d x$

Step 6

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{2} x^{2}$ .

$4 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) + 2 (\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C) + \int d x$

Step 7

Apply the constant rule.

$4 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) + 2 (\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C) + x + C$

Step 8

Simplify.

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Step 8.1

Simplify.

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Step 8.1.1

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $x^{3}$ .

$4 (\frac{x^{3}}{3} + C) + 2 (\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C) + x + C$

Step 8.1.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$4 (\frac{x^{3}}{3} + C) + 2 (\frac{x^{2}}{2} + C) + x + C$

Step 8.2

Simplify.

$\frac{4 x^{3}}{3} + x^{2} + x + C$

Step 8.3

Reorder terms.

$\frac{4}{3} x^{3} + x^{2} + x + C$