Calculus Examples

$\arctan (x)$

Step 1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 1.1

The derivative of $\arctan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{1 + x^{2}}$

Step 1.2

Reorder terms.

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{x^{2} + 1}$

Step 2

Find the second derivative.

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Step 2.1

Rewrite $\frac{1}{x^{2} + 1}$ as ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 1}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 1}]$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{- 1}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 1$ .

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Step 2.2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} + 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u^{- 1}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 2.2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 1$ .

$- u^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 2.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} + 1$ .

$- {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 2.3

Differentiate.

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Step 2.3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$- {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 2} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 2.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$- {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 2} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 2.3.3

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 2} (2 x + 0)$

Step 2.3.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 2.3.4.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$- {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 2} (2 x)$

Step 2.3.4.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$- 2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 2} x$

Step 2.4

Simplify.

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Step 2.4.1

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- 2 \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}} x$

Step 2.4.2

Combine terms.

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Step 2.4.2.1

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{- 2}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}} x$

Step 2.4.2.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{2}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}} x$

Step 2.4.2.3

Combine $x$ and $\frac{2}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}}$ .

$- \frac{x \cdot 2}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.4.2.4

Move $2$ to the left of $x$ .

$f'' (x) = - \frac{2 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Find the third derivative.

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Step 3.1

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \frac{2 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}}]$ .

$- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}}]$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x] - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}]}{{({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule.

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Step 3.3.1

Multiply the exponents in ${({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2})}^{2}$ .

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Step 3.3.1.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x] - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2 \cdot 2}}$

Step 3.3.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x] - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} \cdot 1 - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.3.3

Multiply ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} - x \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.4

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 1$ .

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Step 3.4.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} + 1$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} - x (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.4.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} - x (2 u \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.4.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} + 1$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} - x (2 (x^{2} + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.5

Simplify with factoring out.

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Step 3.5.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} - 2 x ((x^{2} + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.5.2

Factor $x^{2} + 1$ out of ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} - 2 x ((x^{2} + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])$ .

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Step 3.5.2.1

Factor $x^{2} + 1$ out of ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ .

$- 2 \frac{(x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} + 1) - 2 x ((x^{2} + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.5.2.2

Factor $x^{2} + 1$ out of $- 2 x ((x^{2} + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])$ .

$- 2 \frac{(x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} + 1) + (x^{2} + 1) (- 2 x (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.5.2.3

Factor $x^{2} + 1$ out of $(x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} + 1) + (x^{2} + 1) (- 2 x (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]))$ .

$- 2 \frac{(x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} + 1 - 2 x (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.6

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 3.6.1

Factor $x^{2} + 1$ out of ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}$ .

$- 2 \frac{(x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} + 1 - 2 x (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]))}{(x^{2} + 1) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.6.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- 2 \frac{(x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} + 1 - 2 x (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]))}{(x^{2} + 1) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.6.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- 2 \frac{x^{2} + 1 - 2 x (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.7

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$- 2 \frac{x^{2} + 1 - 2 x (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.8

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$- 2 \frac{x^{2} + 1 - 2 x (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.9

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- 2 \frac{x^{2} + 1 - 2 x (2 x + 0)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.10

Simplify the expression.

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Step 3.10.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$- 2 \frac{x^{2} + 1 - 2 x (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.10.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$- 2 \frac{x^{2} + 1 - 4 x \cdot x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.11

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$- 2 \frac{x^{2} + 1 - 4 (x^{1} x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.12

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$- 2 \frac{x^{2} + 1 - 4 (x^{1} x^{1})}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.13

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 2 \frac{x^{2} + 1 - 4 x^{1 + 1}}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.14

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- 2 \frac{x^{2} + 1 - 4 x^{2}}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.15

Subtract $4 x^{2}$ from $x^{2}$ .

$- 2 \frac{- 3 x^{2} + 1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.16

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{- 3 x^{2} + 1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 (- 3 x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.17

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{2 (- 3 x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18

Simplify.

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Step 3.18.1

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{2 (- 3 x^{2}) + 2 \cdot 1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.18.2.1

Multiply $- 3$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{- 6 x^{2} + 2 \cdot 1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{- 6 x^{2} + 2}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.3

Factor $2$ out of $- 6 x^{2} + 2$ .

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Step 3.18.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 6 x^{2}$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 3 x^{2}) + 2}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.3.2

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 3 x^{2}) + 2 (1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.3.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- 3 x^{2}) + 2 (1)$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 3 x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.4

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 3 x^{2}$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (3 x^{2}) + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.5

Rewrite $1$ as $- 1 (- 1)$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (3 x^{2}) - 1 (- 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.6

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (3 x^{2}) - 1 (- 1)$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (3 x^{2} - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.7

Rewrite $- (3 x^{2} - 1)$ as $- 1 (3 x^{2} - 1)$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 1 (3 x^{2} - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.8

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- - \frac{2 (3 x^{2} - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.9

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$1 \frac{2 (3 x^{2} - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 3.18.10

Multiply $\frac{2 (3 x^{2} - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$ by $1$ .

$f''' (x) = \frac{2 (3 x^{2} - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 4

Find the fourth derivative.

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Step 4.1

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{2 (3 x^{2} - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{3 x^{2} - 1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{3 x^{2} - 1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}]$

Step 4.2

$2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{2} - 1] - (3 x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}]}{{({(x^{2} + 1)}^{3})}^{2}}$

Step 4.3

Differentiate.

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Step 4.3.1

Multiply the exponents in ${({(x^{2} + 1)}^{3})}^{2}$ .

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Step 4.3.1.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{2} - 1] - (3 x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3 \cdot 2}}$

Step 4.3.1.2

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{2} - 1] - (3 x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.3.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $3 x^{2} - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{d}{d x} [3 x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (3 x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.3.3

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $3 x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $3 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (3 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (3 x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.3.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (3 (2 x) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (3 x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.3.5

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (6 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (3 x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.3.6

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (6 x + 0) - (3 x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.3.7

Simplify the expression.

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Step 4.3.7.1

Add $6 x$ and $0$ .

$2 \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (6 x) - (3 x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.3.7.2

Move $6$ to the left of ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}$ .

$2 \frac{6 \cdot {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - (3 x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}]}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.4

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{3}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 1$ .

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Step 4.4.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} + 1$ .

$2 \frac{6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - (3 x^{2} - 1) (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{3}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.4.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

$2 \frac{6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - (3 x^{2} - 1) (3 u^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.4.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} + 1$ .

$2 \frac{6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - (3 x^{2} - 1) (3 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.5

Differentiate.

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Step 4.5.1

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$2 \frac{6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - 3 (3 x^{2} - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1])}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.5.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$2 \frac{6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - 3 (3 x^{2} - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.5.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 \frac{6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - 3 (3 x^{2} - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [1]))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.5.4

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$2 \frac{6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - 3 (3 x^{2} - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (2 x + 0))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.5.5

Combine fractions.

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Step 4.5.5.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$2 \frac{6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - 3 (3 x^{2} - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (2 x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.5.5.2

Simplify the expression.

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Step 4.5.5.2.1

Move $2$ to the left of ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ .

$2 \frac{6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - 3 (3 x^{2} - 1) (2 \cdot {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.5.5.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 3$ .

$2 \frac{6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - 6 (3 x^{2} - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.5.5.3

Combine $2$ and $\frac{6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - 6 (3 x^{2} - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$ .

$\frac{2 (6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x - 6 (3 x^{2} - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6

Simplify.

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Step 4.6.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x + (- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.6.3.1

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\frac{2 (6 ({(x^{2})}^{3} + 3 {(x^{2})}^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.6.3.2.1

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{3}$ .

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Step 4.6.3.2.1.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{2 (6 (x^{2 \cdot 3} + 3 {(x^{2})}^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.2.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$\frac{2 (6 (x^{6} + 3 {(x^{2})}^{2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.2.2

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

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Step 4.6.3.2.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{2 (6 (x^{6} + 3 x^{2 \cdot 2} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.2.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 (6 (x^{6} + 3 x^{4} \cdot 1 + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.2.3

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 (6 (x^{6} + 3 x^{4} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.2.4

One to any power is one.

$\frac{2 (6 (x^{6} + 3 x^{4} + 3 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1^{3}) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.2.5

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 (6 (x^{6} + 3 x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 1^{3}) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.2.6

One to any power is one.

$\frac{2 (6 (x^{6} + 3 x^{4} + 3 x^{2} + 1) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 ((6 x^{6} + 6 (3 x^{4}) + 6 (3 x^{2}) + 6 \cdot 1) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.4

Simplify.

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Step 4.6.3.4.1

Multiply $3$ by $6$ .

$\frac{2 ((6 x^{6} + 18 x^{4} + 6 (3 x^{2}) + 6 \cdot 1) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.4.2

Multiply $3$ by $6$ .

$\frac{2 ((6 x^{6} + 18 x^{4} + 18 x^{2} + 6 \cdot 1) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.4.3

Multiply $6$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 ((6 x^{6} + 18 x^{4} + 18 x^{2} + 6) x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (6 x^{6} x + 18 x^{4} x + 18 x^{2} x + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6

Simplify.

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Step 4.6.3.6.1

Multiply $x^{6}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.6.3.6.1.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 (6 (x \cdot x^{6}) + 18 x^{4} x + 18 x^{2} x + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{6}$ .

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Step 4.6.3.6.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (6 (x^{1} x^{6}) + 18 x^{4} x + 18 x^{2} x + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 (6 x^{1 + 6} + 18 x^{4} x + 18 x^{2} x + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6.1.3

Add $1$ and $6$ .

$\frac{2 (6 x^{7} + 18 x^{4} x + 18 x^{2} x + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6.2

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.6.3.6.2.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 (6 x^{7} + 18 (x \cdot x^{4}) + 18 x^{2} x + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{4}$ .

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Step 4.6.3.6.2.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (6 x^{7} + 18 (x^{1} x^{4}) + 18 x^{2} x + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 (6 x^{7} + 18 x^{1 + 4} + 18 x^{2} x + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6.2.3

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$\frac{2 (6 x^{7} + 18 x^{5} + 18 x^{2} x + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6.3

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.6.3.6.3.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 (6 x^{7} + 18 x^{5} + 18 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.6.3.6.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (6 x^{7} + 18 x^{5} + 18 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 (6 x^{7} + 18 x^{5} + 18 x^{1 + 2} + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.6.3.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 (6 x^{7} + 18 x^{5} + 18 x^{3} + 6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.7

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (6 x^{7}) + 2 (18 x^{5}) + 2 (18 x^{3}) + 2 (6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.8

Simplify.

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Step 4.6.3.8.1

Multiply $6$ by $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 2 (18 x^{5}) + 2 (18 x^{3}) + 2 (6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.8.2

Multiply $18$ by $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 2 (18 x^{3}) + 2 (6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.8.3

Multiply $18$ by $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 2 (6 x) + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.8.4

Multiply $6$ by $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 6 (3 x^{2}) - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.9

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.6.3.9.1

Multiply $3$ by $- 6$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} - 6 \cdot - 1) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.9.2

Multiply $- 6$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.10

Rewrite ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ as $(x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} + 1)$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) ((x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} + 1) x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.11

Expand $(x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 4.6.3.11.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) ((x^{2} (x^{2} + 1) + 1 (x^{2} + 1)) x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.11.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) ((x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 (x^{2} + 1)) x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.11.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) ((x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 \cdot 1) x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.12

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 4.6.3.12.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.6.3.12.1.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.6.3.12.1.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) ((x^{2 + 2} + x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 \cdot 1) x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.12.1.1.2

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) ((x^{4} + x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 x^{2} + 1 \cdot 1) x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.12.1.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) ((x^{4} + x^{2} + 1 x^{2} + 1 \cdot 1) x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.12.1.3

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) ((x^{4} + x^{2} + x^{2} + 1 \cdot 1) x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.12.1.4

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) ((x^{4} + x^{2} + x^{2} + 1) x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.12.2

Add $x^{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) ((x^{4} + 2 x^{2} + 1) x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.13

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) (x^{4} x + 2 x^{2} x + 1 x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.14

Simplify.

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Step 4.6.3.14.1

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.6.3.14.1.1

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ .

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Step 4.6.3.14.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) (x^{4} x^{1} + 2 x^{2} x + 1 x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.14.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) (x^{4 + 1} + 2 x^{2} x + 1 x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.14.1.2

Add $4$ and $1$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) (x^{5} + 2 x^{2} x + 1 x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.14.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.6.3.14.2.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) (x^{5} + 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 1 x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.14.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.6.3.14.2.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) (x^{5} + 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 1 x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.14.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) (x^{5} + 2 x^{1 + 2} + 1 x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.14.2.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) (x^{5} + 2 x^{3} + 1 x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.14.3

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 ((- 18 x^{2} + 6) (x^{5} + 2 x^{3} + x))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.15

Expand $(- 18 x^{2} + 6) (x^{5} + 2 x^{3} + x)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{2} x^{5} - 18 x^{2} (2 x^{3}) - 18 x^{2} x + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.6.3.16.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{5}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.6.3.16.1.1

Move $x^{5}$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 (x^{5} x^{2}) - 18 x^{2} (2 x^{3}) - 18 x^{2} x + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{5 + 2} - 18 x^{2} (2 x^{3}) - 18 x^{2} x + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.1.3

Add $5$ and $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 18 x^{2} (2 x^{3}) - 18 x^{2} x + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 18 \cdot 2 x^{2} x^{3} - 18 x^{2} x + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.3

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.6.3.16.3.1

Move $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 18 \cdot 2 (x^{3} x^{2}) - 18 x^{2} x + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.3.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 18 \cdot 2 x^{3 + 2} - 18 x^{2} x + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.3.3

Add $3$ and $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 18 \cdot 2 x^{5} - 18 x^{2} x + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.4

Multiply $- 18$ by $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 36 x^{5} - 18 x^{2} x + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.5

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.6.3.16.5.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 36 x^{5} - 18 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.6.3.16.5.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 36 x^{5} - 18 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.5.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 36 x^{5} - 18 x^{1 + 2} + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.5.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 36 x^{5} - 18 x^{3} + 6 x^{5} + 6 (2 x^{3}) + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.16.6

Multiply $2$ by $6$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 36 x^{5} - 18 x^{3} + 6 x^{5} + 12 x^{3} + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.17

Add $- 36 x^{5}$ and $6 x^{5}$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 30 x^{5} - 18 x^{3} + 12 x^{3} + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.18

Add $- 18 x^{3}$ and $12 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7} - 30 x^{5} - 6 x^{3} + 6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.19

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (- 18 x^{7}) + 2 (- 30 x^{5}) + 2 (- 6 x^{3}) + 2 (6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.20

Simplify.

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Step 4.6.3.20.1

Multiply $- 18$ by $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x - 36 x^{7} + 2 (- 30 x^{5}) + 2 (- 6 x^{3}) + 2 (6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.20.2

Multiply $- 30$ by $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x - 36 x^{7} - 60 x^{5} + 2 (- 6 x^{3}) + 2 (6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.20.3

Multiply $- 6$ by $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x - 36 x^{7} - 60 x^{5} - 12 x^{3} + 2 (6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.20.4

Multiply $6$ by $2$ .

$\frac{12 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x - 36 x^{7} - 60 x^{5} - 12 x^{3} + 12 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.21

Subtract $36 x^{7}$ from $12 x^{7}$ .

$\frac{- 24 x^{7} + 36 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x - 60 x^{5} - 12 x^{3} + 12 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.22

Subtract $60 x^{5}$ from $36 x^{5}$ .

$\frac{- 24 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} + 36 x^{3} + 12 x - 12 x^{3} + 12 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.23

Subtract $12 x^{3}$ from $36 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{- 24 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} + 24 x^{3} + 12 x + 12 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.24

Add $12 x$ and $12 x$ .

$\frac{- 24 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} + 24 x^{3} + 24 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25

Rewrite $- 24 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} + 24 x^{3} + 24 x$ in a factored form.

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Step 4.6.3.25.1

Factor $24 x$ out of $- 24 x^{7} - 24 x^{5} + 24 x^{3} + 24 x$ .

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Step 4.6.3.25.1.1

Factor $24 x$ out of $- 24 x^{7}$ .

$\frac{24 x (- x^{6}) - 24 x^{5} + 24 x^{3} + 24 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.1.2

Factor $24 x$ out of $- 24 x^{5}$ .

$\frac{24 x (- x^{6}) + 24 x (- x^{4}) + 24 x^{3} + 24 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.1.3

Factor $24 x$ out of $24 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{24 x (- x^{6}) + 24 x (- x^{4}) + 24 x (x^{2}) + 24 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.1.4

Factor $24 x$ out of $24 x$ .

$\frac{24 x (- x^{6}) + 24 x (- x^{4}) + 24 x (x^{2}) + 24 x (1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.1.5

Factor $24 x$ out of $24 x (- x^{6}) + 24 x (- x^{4})$ .

$\frac{24 x (- x^{6} - x^{4}) + 24 x (x^{2}) + 24 x (1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.1.6

Factor $24 x$ out of $24 x (- x^{6} - x^{4}) + 24 x (x^{2})$ .

$\frac{24 x (- x^{6} - x^{4} + x^{2}) + 24 x (1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.1.7

Factor $24 x$ out of $24 x (- x^{6} - x^{4} + x^{2}) + 24 x (1)$ .

$\frac{24 x (- x^{6} - x^{4} + x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.2

Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.

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Step 4.6.3.25.2.1

Group the first two terms and the last two terms.

$\frac{24 x ((- x^{6} - x^{4}) + x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.2.2

Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.

$\frac{24 x (x^{4} (- x^{2} - 1) - 1 (- x^{2} - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.3

Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, $- x^{2} - 1$ .

$\frac{24 x ((- x^{2} - 1) (x^{4} - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.4

Rewrite $x^{4}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

$\frac{24 x ((- x^{2} - 1) ({(x^{2})}^{2} - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.5

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{24 x ((- x^{2} - 1) ({(x^{2})}^{2} - 1^{2}))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.6

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x^{2}$ and $b = 1$ .

$\frac{24 x ((- x^{2} - 1) ((x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} - 1)))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.7

Simplify.

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Step 4.6.3.25.7.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{24 x ((- x^{2} - 1) ((x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} - 1^{2})))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.7.2

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$\frac{24 x ((- x^{2} - 1) ((x^{2} + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1)))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

$\frac{24 x ((- x^{2} - 1) (x^{2} + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.8

Combine exponents.

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Step 4.6.3.25.8.1

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x^{2}$ .

$\frac{24 x ((- (x^{2}) - 1) (x^{2} + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.8.2

Rewrite $- 1$ as $- 1 (1)$ .

$\frac{24 x ((- (x^{2}) - 1 (1)) (x^{2} + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.8.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{2}) - 1 (1)$ .

$\frac{24 x (- (x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.8.4

Rewrite $- (x^{2} + 1)$ as $- 1 (x^{2} + 1)$ .

$\frac{24 x (- 1 (x^{2} + 1) (x^{2} + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.8.5

Raise $x^{2} + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{24 x (- 1 ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{1} (x^{2} + 1)) (x + 1) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.8.6

Raise $x^{2} + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{24 x (- 1 ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{1} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{1}) (x + 1) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.8.7

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{24 x (- 1 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{1 + 1} (x + 1) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.8.8

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{24 x (- 1 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (x + 1) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

$\frac{24 x \cdot - 1 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (x + 1) (x - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.3.25.9

Multiply $- 1$ by $24$ .

$\frac{- 24 x {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (x + 1) (x - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.4

Combine terms.

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Step 4.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor of ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ and ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}$ .

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Step 4.6.4.1.1

Factor ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ out of $- 24 x {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (x + 1) (x - 1)$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} ((- 24 x (x + 1)) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 4.6.4.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 4.6.4.1.2.1

Factor ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ out of ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{6}$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} ((- 24 x (x + 1)) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 4.6.4.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} ((- 24 x (x + 1)) (x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 4.6.4.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(- 24 x (x + 1)) (x - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 4.6.4.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f^{4} (x) = - \frac{24 x (x + 1) (x - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$