Calculus Examples

$x^{5} - 32$

Step 1

If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form $\frac{p}{q}$ where $p$ is a factor of the constant and $q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient.

$p = \pm 1, \pm 32, \pm 2, \pm 16, \pm 4, \pm 8$

$q = \pm 1$

Step 2

Find every combination of $\pm \frac{p}{q}$ . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.

$\pm 1, \pm 32, \pm 2, \pm 16, \pm 4, \pm 8$

Step 3

Substitute $2$ and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to $0$ so $2$ is a root of the polynomial.

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Step 3.1

Substitute $2$ into the polynomial.

$2^{5} - 32$

Step 3.2

Raise $2$ to the power of $5$ .

$32 - 32$

Step 3.3

Subtract $32$ from $32$ .

$0$

Step 4

Since $2$ is a known root, divide the polynomial by $x - 2$ to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.

$\frac{x^{5} - 32}{x - 2}$

Step 5

Divide $x^{5} - 32$ by $x - 2$ .

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Step 5.1

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

Step 5.2

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $x^{5}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{4}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

Step 5.3

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{4}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

Step 5.4

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $x^{5} - 2 x^{4}$

$x^{4}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

Step 5.5

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{4}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

Step 5.6

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{4}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

Step 5.7

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $2 x^{4}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

Step 5.8

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

Step 5.9

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $2 x^{4} - 4 x^{3}$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

Step 5.10

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

Step 5.11

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

Step 5.12

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $4 x^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

Step 5.13

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

Step 5.14

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $4 x^{3} - 8 x^{2}$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

Step 5.15

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

Step 5.16

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

$0 x$

Step 5.17

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $8 x^{2}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

$0 x$

Step 5.18

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8 x^{2}$

$16 x$

Step 5.19

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $8 x^{2} - 16 x$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8 x^{2}$

$16 x$

Step 5.20

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8 x^{2}$

$16 x$

Step 5.21

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8 x^{2}$

$16 x$

$32$

Step 5.22

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $16 x$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$16$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8 x^{2}$

$16 x$

$32$

Step 5.23

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$16$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8 x^{2}$

$16 x$

$32$

$16 x$

$32$

Step 5.24

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $16 x - 32$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$16$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8 x^{2}$

$16 x$

$32$

$16 x$

$32$

Step 5.25

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$4 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$16$

$x$

$2$

$x^{5}$

$0 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$32$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$2 x^{4}$

$4 x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$4 x^{3}$

$8 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8 x^{2}$

$16 x$

$32$

$16 x$

$32$

$0$

Step 5.26

Since the remander is $0$ , the final answer is the quotient.

$x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} + 8 x + 16$

Step 6

Write $x^{5} - 32$ as a set of factors.

$(x - 2) (x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} + 8 x + 16)$