Calculus Examples

$y = x \sqrt{1 - x^{2}} + \arccos (x)$

Step 1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x \sqrt{1 - x^{2}} + \arccos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}] + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}] + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [x \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}]$ .

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Step 2.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}$ as ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}] + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$x \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = 1 - x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $1 - x^{2}$ .

$x (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $1 - x^{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.4

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}])) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.5

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}])) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.6

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (0 - \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.7

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (0 - (2 x))) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.8

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} (0 - (2 x))) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.9

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} (0 - (2 x))) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.10

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} (0 - (2 x))) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.11

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} (0 - (2 x))) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.12

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.12.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} (0 - (2 x))) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.12.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} (0 - (2 x))) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.13

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} (0 - (2 x))) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.14

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} (0 - 2 x)) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.15

Subtract $2 x$ from $0$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} (- 2 x)) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.16

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$x (\frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} (- 2 x)) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.17

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{- 2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} x) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.18

Combine $\frac{- 2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}$ and $x$ .

$x \frac{- 2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} x}{2} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.19

Move ${(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$x \frac{- 2 x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.20

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x$ .

$x \frac{2 (- x)}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.21

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 2.21.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$x \frac{2 (- x)}{2 ({(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.21.2

Cancel the common factor.

$x \frac{2 (- x)}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.21.3

Rewrite the expression.

$x \frac{- x}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.22

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x (- \frac{x}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.23

Combine $x$ and $\frac{x}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- \frac{x \cdot x}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.24

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{x^{1} x}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.25

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{x^{1} x^{1}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.26

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{x^{1 + 1}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.27

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.28

Multiply ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.29

To write ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.30

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- x^{2} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.31

Multiply ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.31.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- x^{2} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.31.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- x^{2} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.31.3

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.31.4

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{1}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.32

Simplify ${(1 - x^{2})}^{1}$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} + 1 - x^{2}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 2.33

Subtract $x^{2}$ from $- x^{2}$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{d}{d x} [\arccos (x)]$

Step 3

The derivative of $\arccos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Combine terms.

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Step 4.1.1

To write $\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}$

Step 4.1.2

To write $- \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3

Write each expression with a common denominator of $\sqrt{1 - x^{2}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 4.1.3.1

Multiply $\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.2

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}$ as ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.6

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 4.1.3.6.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.6.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{1}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.7

Multiply $\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}$ by $\frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{1}} - \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.8

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}$ as ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{1}} - \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.9

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{1}} - \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.10

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{1}} - \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.11

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{1}} - \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.12

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 4.1.3.12.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{1}} - \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}}$

Step 4.1.3.12.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{1}} - \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{1}}$

Step 4.1.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}} - {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{1}}$

Step 4.1.5

Simplify.

$\frac{(- 2 x^{2} + 1) \sqrt{1 - x^{2}} - {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 4.2

Reorder terms.

$\frac{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}} (- 2 x^{2} + 1) - {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- x^{2} + 1}$

Step 4.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.3.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}$ as ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 2 x^{2} + 1) - {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- x^{2} + 1}$

Step 4.3.2

Let $u = {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ . Substitute $u$ for all occurrences of ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 4.3.2.1

Subtract $u$ from $u$ .

$\frac{- 2 u x^{2} + 0}{- x^{2} + 1}$

Step 4.3.2.2

Add $- 2 u x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- 2 u x^{2}}{- x^{2} + 1}$

Step 4.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}{- x^{2} + 1}$

Step 4.4

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 4.4.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{- 2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}{- x^{2} + 1^{2}}$

Step 4.4.2

Reorder $- x^{2}$ and $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{- 2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}{1^{2} - x^{2}}$

Step 4.4.3

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = 1$ and $b = x$ .

$\frac{- 2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Step 4.5

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Step 4.6

Reorder factors in $- \frac{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ .

$- \frac{2 x^{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$