Calculus Examples

$\frac{x^{3} - x^{2} + 1}{x - 1}$

Step 1

Divide $x^{3} - x^{2} + 1$ by $x - 1$ .

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Step 1.1

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$x$

$1$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$0 x$

$1$

Step 1.2

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $x^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

					$x^{2}$
	$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$1$

Step 1.3

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$1$
			+	$x^{3}$	-	$x^{2}$

Step 1.4

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $x^{3} - x^{2}$

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$1$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$

Step 1.5

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$1$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
						$0$

Step 1.6

Pull the next term from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$1$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
						$0$	+	$0 x$	+	$1$

Step 1.7

The final answer is the quotient plus the remainder over the divisor.

$\int x^{2} + \frac{1}{x - 1} d x$

Step 2

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int x^{2} d x + \int \frac{1}{x - 1} d x$

Step 3

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{3} x^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C + \int \frac{1}{x - 1} d x$

Step 4

Let $u = x - 1$ . Then $d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 4.1

Let $u = x - 1$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Differentiate $x - 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 4.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 4.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 4.1.4

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$1 + 0$

Step 4.1.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$1$

Step 4.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C + \int \frac{1}{u} d u$

Step 5

The integral of $\frac{1}{u}$ with respect to $u$ is $\ln (| u |)$ .

$\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C + \ln (| u |) + C$

Step 6

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + \ln (| u |) + C$

Step 7

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x - 1$ .

$\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + \ln (| x - 1 |) + C$