Calculus Examples

$f (x) = \frac{\sec (x)}{2 - \cos (x)}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = \sec (x)$ and $g (x) = 2 - \cos (x)$ .

$\frac{(2 - \cos (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [\sec (x)] - \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} [2 - \cos (x)]}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 2

The derivative of $\sec (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{(2 - \cos (x)) (\sec (x) \tan (x)) - \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} [2 - \cos (x)]}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $2 - \cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [2] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \cos (x)]$ .

$\frac{(2 - \cos (x)) \sec (x) \tan (x) - \sec (x) (\frac{d}{d x} [2] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \cos (x)])}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(2 - \cos (x)) \sec (x) \tan (x) - \sec (x) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- \cos (x)])}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [- \cos (x)]$ .

$\frac{(2 - \cos (x)) \sec (x) \tan (x) - \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} [- \cos (x)]}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.4

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]$ .

$\frac{(2 - \cos (x)) \sec (x) \tan (x) - \sec (x) (- \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)])}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.5

Multiply.

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Step 3.5.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(2 - \cos (x)) \sec (x) \tan (x) + 1 \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.5.2

Multiply $\sec (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(2 - \cos (x)) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 4

The derivative of $\cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{(2 - \cos (x)) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5

Simplify.

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Step 5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(2 \sec (x) - \cos (x) \sec (x)) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 \sec (x) \tan (x) - \cos (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 5.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.1.1

Rewrite $\sec (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{2 \frac{1}{\cos (x)} \tan (x) - \cos (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.2

Combine $2$ and $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ .

$\frac{\frac{2}{\cos (x)} \tan (x) - \cos (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.3

Rewrite $\tan (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{\frac{2}{\cos (x)} \cdot \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} - \cos (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.4

Multiply $\frac{2}{\cos (x)} \cdot \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ .

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Step 5.3.1.4.1

Multiply $\frac{2}{\cos (x)}$ by $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x) \cos (x)} - \cos (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.4.2

Raise $\cos (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{1} (x) \cos (x)} - \cos (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.4.3

Raise $\cos (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{1} (x) \cos^{1} (x)} - \cos (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.4.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{{\cos (x)}^{1 + 1}} - \cos (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.4.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - \cos (x) \sec (x) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.5

Rewrite in terms of sines and cosines, then cancel the common factors.

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Step 5.3.1.5.1

Add parentheses.

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - (\cos (x) \sec (x)) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.5.2

Reorder $\cos (x)$ and $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - (\sec (x) \cos (x)) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.5.3

Rewrite $- \cos (x) \sec (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - (\frac{1}{\cos (x)} \cos (x)) \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.5.4

Cancel the common factors.

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - 1 \cdot 1 \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - 1 \tan (x) + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.7

Rewrite $\tan (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - 1 \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.8

Rewrite $- 1 \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ as $- \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} + \sec (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.9

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} - \sec (x) \sin (x)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.10

Rewrite $\sec (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} - \frac{1}{\cos (x)} \sin (x)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.1.11

Combine $\sin (x)$ and $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} - \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{- \sin (x) - \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.3

Subtract $\sin (x)$ from $- \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{- 2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.4

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos^{2} (x)} - \frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.5.1

Factor $\cos (x)$ out of $\cos^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x) \cos (x)} - \frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.5.2

Separate fractions.

$\frac{\frac{2}{\cos (x)} \cdot \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} - \frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.5.3

Convert from $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ to $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{2}{\cos (x)} \tan (x) - \frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.5.4

Separate fractions.

$\frac{\frac{2}{1} \cdot \frac{1}{\cos (x)} \tan (x) - \frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.5.5

Convert from $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ to $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{2}{1} \sec (x) \tan (x) - \frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.5.6

Divide $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 \sec (x) \tan (x) - \frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.5.7

Separate fractions.

$\frac{2 \sec (x) \tan (x) - (\frac{2}{1} \cdot \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)})}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.5.8

Convert from $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ to $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \sec (x) \tan (x) - (\frac{2}{1} \tan (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.5.9

Divide $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 \sec (x) \tan (x) - (2 \tan (x))}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.3.5.10

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 \sec (x) \tan (x) - 2 \tan (x)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 5.4.1

Factor $2 \tan (x)$ out of $2 \sec (x) \tan (x) - 2 \tan (x)$ .

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Step 5.4.1.1

Factor $2 \tan (x)$ out of $2 \sec (x) \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \tan (x) (\sec (x)) - 2 \tan (x)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.4.1.2

Factor $2 \tan (x)$ out of $- 2 \tan (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \tan (x) (\sec (x)) + 2 \tan (x) (- 1)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.4.1.3

Factor $2 \tan (x)$ out of $2 \tan (x) (\sec (x)) + 2 \tan (x) (- 1)$ .

$\frac{2 \tan (x) (\sec (x) - 1)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.4.2

Rewrite $\sec (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{2 \tan (x) (\frac{1}{\cos (x)} - 1)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.4.3

Rewrite $\tan (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{2 \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} (\frac{1}{\cos (x)} - 1)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.4.4

Combine $2$ and $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)} (\frac{1}{\cos (x)} - 1)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.5

Factor $\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ out of $\frac{\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)} (\frac{1}{\cos (x)} - 1)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)} \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{\cos (x)} - 1}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.6

Multiply $\frac{2 \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ by $\frac{\frac{1}{\cos (x)} - 1}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 \sin (x) (\frac{1}{\cos (x)} - 1)}{\cos (x) {(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.7

Separate fractions.

$\frac{2 (\frac{1}{\cos (x)} - 1)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}} \cdot \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$

Step 5.8

Convert from $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ to $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{2 (\frac{1}{\cos (x)} - 1)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}} \tan (x)$

Step 5.9

Convert from $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ to $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{2 (\sec (x) - 1)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}} \tan (x)$

Step 5.10

Combine $\frac{2 (\sec (x) - 1)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$ and $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{2 (\sec (x) - 1) \tan (x)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.11

Reorder factors in $\frac{2 (\sec (x) - 1) \tan (x)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 \tan (x) (\sec (x) - 1)}{{(2 - \cos (x))}^{2}}$