Calculus Examples

$\frac{\tan (x)}{1 + \cos (x)}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = \tan (x)$ and $g (x) = 1 + \cos (x)$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [\tan (x)] - \tan (x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (x)]}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 2

The derivative of $\tan (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\sec^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \sec^{2} (x) - \tan (x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (x)]}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + \cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \sec^{2} (x) - \tan (x) (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)])}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \sec^{2} (x) - \tan (x) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)])}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \sec^{2} (x) - \tan (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 4

The derivative of $\cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \sec^{2} (x) - \tan (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5

Multiply.

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Step 5.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \sec^{2} (x) + 1 \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.2

Multiply $\tan (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \sec^{2} (x) + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6

Simplify.

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Step 6.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1 \sec^{2} (x) + \cos (x) \sec^{2} (x) + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 6.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.2.1.1

Multiply $\sec^{2} (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\sec^{2} (x) + \cos (x) \sec^{2} (x) + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.2

Rewrite $\sec (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{{(\frac{1}{\cos (x)})}^{2} + \cos (x) \sec^{2} (x) + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.3

Apply the product rule to $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ .

$\frac{\frac{1^{2}}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \cos (x) \sec^{2} (x) + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.4

One to any power is one.

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \cos (x) \sec^{2} (x) + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.5

Rewrite $\sec (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \cos (x) {(\frac{1}{\cos (x)})}^{2} + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.6

Apply the product rule to $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \cos (x) \frac{1^{2}}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.7

One to any power is one.

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \cos (x) \frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.8

Cancel the common factor of $\cos (x)$ .

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Step 6.2.1.8.1

Factor $\cos (x)$ out of $\cos^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \cos (x) \frac{1}{\cos (x) \cos (x)} + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.8.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \cos (x) \frac{1}{\cos (x) \cos (x)} + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.8.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} + \tan (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.9

Rewrite $\tan (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} + \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.10

Multiply $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} \sin (x)$ .

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Step 6.2.1.10.1

Combine $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ and $\sin (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} + \frac{\sin (x) \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.10.2

Raise $\sin (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} + \frac{\sin^{1} (x) \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.10.3

Raise $\sin (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} + \frac{\sin^{1} (x) \sin^{1} (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.10.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} + \frac{{\sin (x)}^{1 + 1}}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.1.10.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} + \frac{\sin^{2} (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.2.2.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{\frac{1^{2}}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} + \frac{\sin^{2} (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.2.2

Rewrite $\frac{1^{2}}{\cos^{2} (x)}$ as ${(\frac{1}{\cos (x)})}^{2}$ .

$\frac{{(\frac{1}{\cos (x)})}^{2} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} + \frac{\sin^{2} (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.2.3

Convert from $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ to $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec^{2} (x) + \frac{1}{\cos (x)} + \frac{\sin^{2} (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.2.4

Convert from $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ to $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x) + \frac{\sin^{2} (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.2.5

Factor $\sin (x)$ out of $\sin^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x) + \frac{\sin (x) \sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.2.6

Separate fractions.

$\frac{\sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x) + \frac{\sin (x)}{1} \cdot \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.2.7

Convert from $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ to $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{\sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x) + \frac{\sin (x)}{1} \tan (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.2.2.8

Divide $\sin (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x) + \sin (x) \tan (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.3

Reorder terms.

$\frac{\sin (x) \tan (x) + \sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 6.4.1

Rewrite $\tan (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{\sin (x) \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} + \sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.4.2

Multiply $\sin (x) \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ .

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Step 6.4.2.1

Combine $\sin (x)$ and $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ .

$\frac{\frac{\sin (x) \sin (x)}{\cos (x)} + \sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.4.2.2

Raise $\sin (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{\sin^{1} (x) \sin (x)}{\cos (x)} + \sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.4.2.3

Raise $\sin (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{\sin^{1} (x) \sin^{1} (x)}{\cos (x)} + \sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.4.2.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{\frac{{\sin (x)}^{1 + 1}}{\cos (x)} + \sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.4.2.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{\sin^{2} (x)}{\cos (x)} + \sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.4.3

Rewrite $\sec (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{\frac{\sin^{2} (x)}{\cos (x)} + {(\frac{1}{\cos (x)})}^{2} + \sec (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.4.4

Apply the product rule to $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ .

$\frac{\frac{\sin^{2} (x)}{\cos (x)} + \frac{1^{2}}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \sec (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.4.5

One to any power is one.

$\frac{\frac{\sin^{2} (x)}{\cos (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \sec (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.4.6

Rewrite $\sec (x)$ in terms of sines and cosines.

$\frac{\frac{\sin^{2} (x)}{\cos (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.5.1

Factor $\sin (x)$ out of $\sin^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{\sin (x) \sin (x)}{\cos (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.5.2

Separate fractions.

$\frac{\frac{\sin (x)}{1} \cdot \frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.5.3

Convert from $\frac{\sin (x)}{\cos (x)}$ to $\tan (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{\sin (x)}{1} \tan (x) + \frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.5.4

Divide $\sin (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\sin (x) \tan (x) + \frac{1}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.5.5

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{\sin (x) \tan (x) + \frac{1^{2}}{\cos^{2} (x)} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.5.6

Rewrite $\frac{1^{2}}{\cos^{2} (x)}$ as ${(\frac{1}{\cos (x)})}^{2}$ .

$\frac{\sin (x) \tan (x) + {(\frac{1}{\cos (x)})}^{2} + \frac{1}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.5.7

Convert from $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ to $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{\sin (x) \tan (x) + \sec^{2} (x) + \frac{1}{\cos (x)}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6.5.8

Convert from $\frac{1}{\cos (x)}$ to $\sec (x)$ .

$\frac{\sin (x) \tan (x) + \sec^{2} (x) + \sec (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$