Calculus Examples

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) (\frac{x + 1}{x + 3})$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x^{2} - 2 x - 1$ and $g (x) = \frac{x + 1}{x + 3}$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x + 1}{x + 3}] + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = x + 1$ and $g (x) = x + 3$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{(x + 3) \frac{d}{d x} [x + 1] - (x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x + 3]}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 3

Differentiate.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{(x + 3) (\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x + 3]}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{(x + 3) (1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x + 3]}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 3.3

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{(x + 3) (1 + 0) - (x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x + 3]}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 3.4

Simplify the expression.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.4.1

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{(x + 3) \cdot 1 - (x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x + 3]}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 3.4.2

Multiply $x + 3$ by $1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x + 3]}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 3.5

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x + 3$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [3]$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [3])}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 3.6

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1) (1 + \frac{d}{d x} [3])}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 3.7

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $3$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1) (1 + 0)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 3.8

Simplify the expression.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.8.1

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1) \cdot 1}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 3.8.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x - 1]$

Step 3.9

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 2 x - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])$

Step 3.10

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])$

Step 3.11

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (2 x - 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])$

Step 3.12

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (2 x - 2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])$

Step 3.13

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (2 x - 2 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])$

Step 3.14

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (2 x - 2 + 0)$

Step 3.15

Add $2 x - 2$ and $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - (x + 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (2 x - 2)$

Step 4

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - x - 1 \cdot 1}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (2 x - 2)$

Step 4.2

Combine terms.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{x + 3 - x - 1}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (2 x - 2)$

Step 4.2.2

Subtract $x$ from $x$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{0 + 3 - 1}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (2 x - 2)$

Step 4.2.3

Add $0$ and $3$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{3 - 1}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (2 x - 2)$

Step 4.2.4

Subtract $1$ from $3$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{2}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{x + 1}{x + 3} (2 x - 2)$

Step 4.3

Reorder terms.

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{2}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + (2 x - 2) \frac{x + 1}{x + 3}$

Step 4.4

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.4.1

Multiply $x^{2} - 2 x - 1$ by $\frac{2}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \cdot 2}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + (2 x - 2) \frac{x + 1}{x + 3}$

Step 4.4.2

Move $2$ to the left of $x^{2} - 2 x - 1$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot (x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + (2 x - 2) \frac{x + 1}{x + 3}$

Step 4.4.3

Multiply $2 x - 2$ by $\frac{x + 1}{x + 3}$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{(2 x - 2) (x + 1)}{x + 3}$

Step 4.4.4

Factor $2$ out of $2 x - 2$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.4.4.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{(2 (x) - 2) (x + 1)}{x + 3}$

Step 4.4.4.2

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{(2 (x) + 2 (- 1)) (x + 1)}{x + 3}$

Step 4.4.4.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x) + 2 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}{x + 3}$

Step 4.5

To write $\frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}{x + 3}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x + 3}{x + 3}$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}{x + 3} \cdot \frac{x + 3}{x + 3}$

Step 4.6

Write each expression with a common denominator of ${(x + 3)}^{2}$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.6.1

Multiply $\frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1)}{x + 3}$ by $\frac{x + 3}{x + 3}$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1) (x + 3)}{(x + 3) (x + 3)}$

Step 4.6.2

Raise $x + 3$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1) (x + 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{1} (x + 3)}$

Step 4.6.3

Raise $x + 3$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1) (x + 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{1} {(x + 3)}^{1}}$

Step 4.6.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1) (x + 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{1 + 1}}$

Step 4.6.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}} + \frac{2 (x - 1) (x + 1) (x + 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.7

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1) + 2 (x - 1) (x + 1) (x + 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8

Simplify the numerator.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.8.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1) + 2 (x - 1) (x + 1) (x + 3)$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.8.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x - 1) (x + 1) (x + 3)$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1) + 2 (((x - 1) (x + 1)) (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.1.2

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1) + 2 (((x - 1) (x + 1)) (x + 3))$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + ((x - 1) (x + 1)) (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.2

Expand $(x - 1) (x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.8.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + (x (x + 1) - 1 (x + 1)) (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + (x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 - 1 (x + 1)) (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + (x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot 1) (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.3

Combine the opposite terms in $x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot 1$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.8.3.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $x \cdot 1$ and $- 1 x$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + (x \cdot x + 1 x - 1 x - 1 \cdot 1) (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.3.2

Subtract $1 x$ from $1 x$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + (x \cdot x + 0 - 1 \cdot 1) (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.3.3

Add $x \cdot x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + (x \cdot x - 1 \cdot 1) (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.4

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.8.4.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + (x^{2} - 1 \cdot 1) (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.4.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + (x^{2} - 1) (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.5

Expand $(x^{2} - 1) (x + 3)$ using the FOIL Method.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.8.5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + x^{2} (x + 3) - 1 (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot 3 - 1 (x + 3))}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.5.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot 3 - 1 x - 1 \cdot 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.6

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.8.6.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.8.6.1.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.8.6.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + x^{2} x^{1} + x^{2} \cdot 3 - 1 x - 1 \cdot 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.6.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + x^{2 + 1} + x^{2} \cdot 3 - 1 x - 1 \cdot 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.6.1.2

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + x^{3} + x^{2} \cdot 3 - 1 x - 1 \cdot 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.6.2

Move $3$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + x^{3} + 3 \cdot x^{2} - 1 x - 1 \cdot 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.6.3

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - x - 1 \cdot 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.6.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $3$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - x - 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.7

Add $x^{2}$ and $3 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (4 x^{2} - 2 x - 1 + x^{3} - x - 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.8

Subtract $x$ from $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{2 (4 x^{2} - 3 x - 1 + x^{3} - 3)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.9

Subtract $3$ from $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 (4 x^{2} - 3 x + x^{3} - 4)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8.10

Reorder terms.

$\frac{2 (x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 3 x - 4)}{{(x + 3)}^{2}}$