Calculus Examples

${(\frac{3 x - 1}{x^{2} + 3})}^{2}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = \frac{3 x - 1}{x^{2} + 3}$ .

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Step 1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $\frac{3 x - 1}{x^{2} + 3}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{3 x - 1}{x^{2} + 3}]$

Step 1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 u \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{3 x - 1}{x^{2} + 3}]$

Step 1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $\frac{3 x - 1}{x^{2} + 3}$ .

$2 \frac{3 x - 1}{x^{2} + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{3 x - 1}{x^{2} + 3}]$

Step 2

Combine $2$ and $\frac{3 x - 1}{x^{2} + 3}$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{3 x - 1}{x^{2} + 3}]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = 3 x - 1$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 3$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{(x^{2} + 3) \frac{d}{d x} [3 x - 1] - (3 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3]}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4

Differentiate.

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Step 4.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $3 x - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{(x^{2} + 3) (\frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (3 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3]}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $3 x$ with respect to $x$ is $3 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{(x^{2} + 3) (3 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (3 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3]}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{(x^{2} + 3) (3 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (3 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3]}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.4

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{(x^{2} + 3) (3 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (3 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3]}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{(x^{2} + 3) (3 + 0) - (3 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3]}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.6

Simplify the expression.

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Step 4.6.1

Add $3$ and $0$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{(x^{2} + 3) \cdot 3 - (3 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3]}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.6.2

Move $3$ to the left of $x^{2} + 3$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{3 \cdot (x^{2} + 3) - (3 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 3]}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.7

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 3$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [3]$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{3 (x^{2} + 3) - (3 x - 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [3])}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{3 (x^{2} + 3) - (3 x - 1) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [3])}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.9

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $3$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{3 (x^{2} + 3) - (3 x - 1) (2 x + 0)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.10

Combine fractions.

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Step 4.10.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{3 (x^{2} + 3) - (3 x - 1) (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.10.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3} \cdot \frac{3 (x^{2} + 3) - 2 (3 x - 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 4.10.3

Multiply $\frac{2 (3 x - 1)}{x^{2} + 3}$ by $\frac{3 (x^{2} + 3) - 2 (3 x - 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1) (3 (x^{2} + 3) - 2 (3 x - 1) x)}{(x^{2} + 3) {(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 5

Multiply $x^{2} + 3$ by ${(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.1

Multiply $x^{2} + 3$ by ${(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}$ .

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Step 5.1.1

Raise $x^{2} + 3$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1) (3 (x^{2} + 3) - 2 (3 x - 1) x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{1} {(x^{2} + 3)}^{2}}$

Step 5.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1) (3 (x^{2} + 3) - 2 (3 x - 1) x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{1 + 2}}$

Step 5.2

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 (3 x - 1) (3 (x^{2} + 3) - 2 (3 x - 1) x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6

Simplify.

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Step 6.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(2 (3 x) + 2 \cdot - 1) (3 (x^{2} + 3) - 2 (3 x - 1) x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(2 (3 x) + 2 \cdot - 1) (3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 3 - 2 (3 x - 1) x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(2 (3 x) + 2 \cdot - 1) (3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 3 + (- 2 (3 x) - 2 \cdot - 1) x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(2 (3 x) + 2 \cdot - 1) (3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 3 - 2 (3 x) x - 2 \cdot - 1 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 6.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.5.1.1

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(6 x + 2 \cdot - 1) (3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 3 - 2 (3 x) x - 2 \cdot - 1 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(6 x - 2) (3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 3 - 2 (3 x) x - 2 \cdot - 1 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.5.2.1

Multiply $3$ by $3$ .

$\frac{(6 x - 2) (3 x^{2} + 9 - 2 (3 x) x - 2 \cdot - 1 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.5.2.2.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{(6 x - 2) (3 x^{2} + 9 - 2 (3 (x \cdot x)) - 2 \cdot - 1 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.2.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{(6 x - 2) (3 x^{2} + 9 - 2 (3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot - 1 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.2.3

Multiply $3$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{(6 x - 2) (3 x^{2} + 9 - 6 x^{2} - 2 \cdot - 1 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.2.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(6 x - 2) (3 x^{2} + 9 - 6 x^{2} + 2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.3

Subtract $6 x^{2}$ from $3 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{(6 x - 2) (- 3 x^{2} + 9 + 2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.4

Expand $(6 x - 2) (- 3 x^{2} + 9 + 2 x)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{6 x (- 3 x^{2}) + 6 x \cdot 9 + 6 x (2 x) - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.5.5.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{6 \cdot - 3 x \cdot x^{2} + 6 x \cdot 9 + 6 x (2 x) - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.5.5.2.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{6 \cdot - 3 (x^{2} x) + 6 x \cdot 9 + 6 x (2 x) - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.2.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 6.5.5.2.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{6 \cdot - 3 (x^{2} x^{1}) + 6 x \cdot 9 + 6 x (2 x) - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{6 \cdot - 3 x^{2 + 1} + 6 x \cdot 9 + 6 x (2 x) - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.2.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{6 \cdot - 3 x^{3} + 6 x \cdot 9 + 6 x (2 x) - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.3

Multiply $6$ by $- 3$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 6 x \cdot 9 + 6 x (2 x) - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.4

Multiply $9$ by $6$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 54 x + 6 x (2 x) - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.5

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 54 x + 6 \cdot 2 x \cdot x - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.6

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.5.5.6.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 54 x + 6 \cdot 2 (x \cdot x) - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.6.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 54 x + 6 \cdot 2 x^{2} - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.7

Multiply $6$ by $2$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 54 x + 12 x^{2} - 2 (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.8

Multiply $- 3$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 54 x + 12 x^{2} + 6 x^{2} - 2 \cdot 9 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.9

Multiply $- 2$ by $9$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 54 x + 12 x^{2} + 6 x^{2} - 18 - 2 (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.5.10

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 54 x + 12 x^{2} + 6 x^{2} - 18 - 4 x}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.6

Subtract $4 x$ from $54 x$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 12 x^{2} + 6 x^{2} - 18 + 50 x}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.5.7

Add $12 x^{2}$ and $6 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 18 x^{2} - 18 + 50 x}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.6

Reorder terms.

$\frac{- 18 x^{3} + 18 x^{2} + 50 x - 18}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.7

Factor $2$ out of $- 18 x^{3} + 18 x^{2} + 50 x - 18$ .

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Step 6.7.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 18 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{2 (- 9 x^{3}) + 18 x^{2} + 50 x - 18}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.7.2

Factor $2$ out of $18 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (- 9 x^{3}) + 2 (9 x^{2}) + 50 x - 18}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.7.3

Factor $2$ out of $50 x$ .

$\frac{2 (- 9 x^{3}) + 2 (9 x^{2}) + 2 (25 x) - 18}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.7.4

Factor $2$ out of $- 18$ .

$\frac{2 (- 9 x^{3}) + 2 (9 x^{2}) + 2 (25 x) + 2 (- 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.7.5

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- 9 x^{3}) + 2 (9 x^{2})$ .

$\frac{2 (- 9 x^{3} + 9 x^{2}) + 2 (25 x) + 2 (- 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.7.6

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- 9 x^{3} + 9 x^{2}) + 2 (25 x)$ .

$\frac{2 (- 9 x^{3} + 9 x^{2} + 25 x) + 2 (- 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.7.7

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- 9 x^{3} + 9 x^{2} + 25 x) + 2 (- 9)$ .

$\frac{2 (- 9 x^{3} + 9 x^{2} + 25 x - 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.8

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 9 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{2 (- (9 x^{3}) + 9 x^{2} + 25 x - 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.9

Factor $- 1$ out of $9 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (- (9 x^{3}) - (- 9 x^{2}) + 25 x - 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.10

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (9 x^{3}) - (- 9 x^{2})$ .

$\frac{2 (- (9 x^{3} - 9 x^{2}) + 25 x - 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.11

Factor $- 1$ out of $25 x$ .

$\frac{2 (- (9 x^{3} - 9 x^{2}) - (- 25 x) - 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.12

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (9 x^{3} - 9 x^{2}) - (- 25 x)$ .

$\frac{2 (- (9 x^{3} - 9 x^{2} - 25 x) - 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.13

Rewrite $- 9$ as $- 1 (9)$ .

$\frac{2 (- (9 x^{3} - 9 x^{2} - 25 x) - 1 (9))}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.14

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (9 x^{3} - 9 x^{2} - 25 x) - 1 (9)$ .

$\frac{2 (- (9 x^{3} - 9 x^{2} - 25 x + 9))}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.15

Rewrite $- (9 x^{3} - 9 x^{2} - 25 x + 9)$ as $- 1 (9 x^{3} - 9 x^{2} - 25 x + 9)$ .

$\frac{2 (- 1 (9 x^{3} - 9 x^{2} - 25 x + 9))}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$

Step 6.16

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{2 (9 x^{3} - 9 x^{2} - 25 x + 9)}{{(x^{2} + 3)}^{3}}$