Calculus Examples

$\int x^{2} \sin (π x) d x$

Step 1

Integrate by parts using the formula $\int u d v = u v - \int v d u$ , where $u = x^{2}$ and $d v = \sin (π x)$ .

$x^{2} (- \frac{1}{π} \cos (π x)) - \int - \frac{1}{π} \cos (π x) (2 x) d x$

Step 2

Simplify.

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Step 2.1

Combine $\cos (π x)$ and $\frac{1}{π}$ .

$x^{2} (- \frac{\cos (π x)}{π}) - \int - \frac{1}{π} \cos (π x) (2 x) d x$

Step 2.2

Combine $x^{2}$ and $\frac{\cos (π x)}{π}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} - \int - \frac{1}{π} \cos (π x) (2 x) d x$

Step 3

Since $- \frac{1}{π} \cdot 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- \frac{1}{π} \cdot 2$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} - (- \frac{1}{π} \cdot 2 \int \cos (π x) (x) d x)$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} - (- 2 \frac{1}{π} \int \cos (π x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{1}{π}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} - (\frac{- 2}{π} \int \cos (π x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} - (- \frac{2}{π} \int \cos (π x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + 1 (\frac{2}{π} \int \cos (π x) (x) d x)$

Step 4.5

Multiply $\frac{2}{π}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} \int \cos (π x) (x) d x$

Step 5

Integrate by parts using the formula $\int u d v = u v - \int v d u$ , where $u = x$ and $d v = \cos (π x)$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (x (\frac{1}{π} \sin (π x)) - \int \frac{1}{π} \sin (π x) d x)$

Step 6

Simplify.

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Step 6.1

Combine $\frac{1}{π}$ and $\sin (π x)$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (x \frac{\sin (π x)}{π} - \int \frac{1}{π} \sin (π x) d x)$

Step 6.2

Combine $x$ and $\frac{\sin (π x)}{π}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \int \frac{1}{π} \sin (π x) d x)$

Step 6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{π}$ and $\sin (π x)$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \int \frac{\sin (π x)}{π} d x)$

Step 7

Since $\frac{1}{π}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $\frac{1}{π}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - (\frac{1}{π} \int \sin (π x) d x))$

Step 8

Let $u = π x$ . Then $d u = π d x$ , so $\frac{1}{π} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 8.1

Let $u = π x$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 8.1.1

Differentiate $π x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [π x]$

Step 8.1.2

Since $π$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $π x$ with respect to $x$ is $π \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$π \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 8.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$π \cdot 1$

Step 8.1.4

Multiply $π$ by $1$ .

$π$

Step 8.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \frac{1}{π} \int \sin (u) \frac{1}{π} d u)$

Step 9

Combine $\sin (u)$ and $\frac{1}{π}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \frac{1}{π} \int \frac{\sin (u)}{π} d u)$

Step 10

Since $\frac{1}{π}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{π}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \frac{1}{π} (\frac{1}{π} \int \sin (u) d u))$

Step 11

Simplify.

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Step 11.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{π}$ by $\frac{1}{π}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \frac{1}{π π} \int \sin (u) d u)$

Step 11.2

Raise $π$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \frac{1}{π^{1} π} \int \sin (u) d u)$

Step 11.3

Raise $π$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \frac{1}{π^{1} π^{1}} \int \sin (u) d u)$

Step 11.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \frac{1}{π^{1 + 1}} \int \sin (u) d u)$

Step 11.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \frac{1}{π^{2}} \int \sin (u) d u)$

Step 12

The integral of $\sin (u)$ with respect to $u$ is $- \cos (u)$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \frac{1}{π^{2}} (- \cos (u) + C))$

Step 13

Simplify.

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Step 13.1

Rewrite $- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} - \frac{1}{π^{2}} (- \cos (u) + C))$ as $- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (u)}{π^{2}}) + C$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (u)}{π^{2}}) + C$

Step 13.2

Simplify.

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Step 13.2.1

To write $\frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (u)}{π^{2}})$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{π}{π}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (u)}{π^{2}}) \cdot \frac{π}{π} + C$

Step 13.2.2

Combine $\frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (u)}{π^{2}})$ and $\frac{π}{π}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x)}{π} + \frac{\frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (u)}{π^{2}}) π}{π} + C$

Step 13.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (u)}{π^{2}}) π}{π} + C$

Step 13.2.4

Combine $π$ and $\frac{2}{π}$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{π \cdot 2}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (u)}{π^{2}})}{π} + C$

Step 13.2.5

Move $2$ to the left of $π$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{2 \cdot π}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (u)}{π^{2}})}{π} + C$

Step 13.2.6

Cancel the common factor of $π$ .

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Step 13.2.6.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{2 π}{π} (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (u)}{π^{2}})}{π} + C$

Step 13.2.6.2

Divide $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (π x) + 2 (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (u)}{π^{2}})}{π} + C$

Step 14

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $π x$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (π x) + 2 (\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{\cos (π x)}{π^{2}})}{π} + C$

Step 15

Simplify.

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Step 15.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 15.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (π x) + 2 \frac{x \sin (π x)}{π} + 2 \frac{\cos (π x)}{π^{2}}}{π} + C$

Step 15.1.2

Combine $2$ and $\frac{x \sin (π x)}{π}$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{2 (x \sin (π x))}{π} + 2 \frac{\cos (π x)}{π^{2}}}{π} + C$

Step 15.1.3

Combine $2$ and $\frac{\cos (π x)}{π^{2}}$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{2 x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}}}{π} + C$

Step 15.2

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x^{2} \cos (π x)$ .

$\frac{- (x^{2} \cos (π x)) + \frac{2 x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}}}{π} + C$

Step 15.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $\frac{2 x \sin (π x)}{π}$ .

$\frac{- (x^{2} \cos (π x)) - \frac{- 2 x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}}}{π} + C$

Step 15.4

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{2} \cos (π x)) - \frac{- 2 x \sin (π x)}{π}$ .

$\frac{- (x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{- 2 x \sin (π x)}{π}) + \frac{2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}}}{π} + C$

Step 15.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $\frac{2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}}$ .

$\frac{- (x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{- 2 x \sin (π x)}{π}) - \frac{- 2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}}}{π} + C$

Step 15.6

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{- 2 x \sin (π x)}{π}) - \frac{- 2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}}$ .

$\frac{- (x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{- 2 x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{- 2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}})}{π} + C$

Step 15.7

Rewrite $- (x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{- 2 x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{- 2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}})$ as $- 1 (x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{- 2 x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{- 2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}})$ .

$\frac{- 1 (x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{- 2 x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{- 2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}})}{π} + C$

Step 15.8

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x) + \frac{- 2 x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{- 2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}}}{π} + C$

Step 15.9

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x) - \frac{2 x \sin (π x)}{π} + \frac{- 2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}}}{π} + C$

Step 15.10

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{x^{2} \cos (π x) - \frac{2 x \sin (π x)}{π} - \frac{2 \cos (π x)}{π^{2}}}{π} + C$

Step 15.11

Reorder terms.

$- \frac{1}{π} (x^{2} \cos (π x) - \frac{2}{π} x \sin (π x) - \frac{2}{π^{2}} \cos (π x)) + C$