Calculus Examples

$\frac{1}{x^{4} + 4} + \frac{1}{x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4} - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} = 0$

Step 1

Factor each term.

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Step 1.1

Factor using the perfect square rule.

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Step 1.1.1

Rewrite $x^{4}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} + 4} + \frac{1}{{(x^{2})}^{2} - 4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4} - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} = 0$

Step 1.1.2

Rewrite $4 x^{2}$ as ${(2 x)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} + 4} + \frac{1}{{(x^{2})}^{2} - 4 x^{3} + {(2 x)}^{2} - 4} - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} = 0$

Step 1.1.3

Check that the middle term is two times the product of the numbers being squared in the first term and third term.

$4 x^{3} = 2 \cdot x^{2} \cdot (2 x)$

Step 1.1.4

Rewrite the polynomial.

$\frac{1}{x^{4} + 4} + \frac{1}{{(x^{2})}^{2} - 2 \cdot x^{2} \cdot (2 x) + {(2 x)}^{2} - 4} - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} = 0$

Step 1.1.5

Factor using the perfect square trinomial rule $a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a - b)}^{2}$ , where $a = x^{2}$ and $b = 2 x$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} + 4} + \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 2 x)}^{2} - 4} - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} = 0$

Step 1.2

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} + 4} + \frac{1}{{(x^{2} - 2 x)}^{2} - 2^{2}} - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} = 0$

Step 1.3

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x^{2} - 2 x$ and $b = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} + 4} + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} = 0$

Step 2

Find the LCD of the terms in the equation.

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Step 2.1

Finding the LCD of a list of values is the same as finding the LCM of the denominators of those values.

$x^{4} + 4, (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2), x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4, 1$

Step 2.2

The LCM is the smallest positive number that all of the numbers divide into evenly.

1. List the prime factors of each number.

2. Multiply each factor the greatest number of times it occurs in either number.

Step 2.3

The number $1$ is not a prime number because it only has one positive factor, which is itself.

Not prime

Step 2.4

The LCM of $1, 1, 1, 1$ is the result of multiplying all prime factors the greatest number of times they occur in either number.

$1$

Step 2.5

The factor for $x^{4} + 4$ is $x^{4} + 4$ itself.

$(x^{4} + 4) = x^{4} + 4$

$(x^{4} + 4)$ occurs $1$ time.

Step 2.6

The factor for $x^{2} - 2 x + 2$ is $x^{2} - 2 x + 2$ itself.

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) = x^{2} - 2 x + 2$

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 2)$ occurs $1$ time.

Step 2.7

The factor for $x^{2} - 2 x - 2$ is $x^{2} - 2 x - 2$ itself.

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 2) = x^{2} - 2 x - 2$

$(x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ occurs $1$ time.

Step 2.8

The factor for $x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4$ is $x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4$ itself.

$(x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) = x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4$

$(x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)$ occurs $1$ time.

Step 2.9

The LCM of $x^{4} + 4, x^{2} - 2 x + 2, x^{2} - 2 x - 2, x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4$ is the result of multiplying all factors the greatest number of times they occur in either term.

$(x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)$

Step 3

Multiply each term in $\frac{1}{x^{4} + 4} + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} = 0$ by $(x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)$ to eliminate the fractions.

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Step 3.1

$\frac{1}{x^{4} + 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 3.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $x^{4} + 4$ .

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Step 3.2.1.1.1

Factor $x^{4} + 4$ out of $(x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{4} + 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (((x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.1.2

Cancel the common factor.

Step 3.2.1.1.3

Rewrite the expression.

$((x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.2

Expand $(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$(x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} (- 2 x) + x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{2} + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.3

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} (- 2 x) + x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{2} + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2$ .

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Step 3.2.1.3.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $x^{2} \cdot - 2$ and $2 x^{2}$ .

$(x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{2} - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{2} + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.3.2

Add $- 2 x^{2}$ and $2 x^{2}$ .

$(x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 0 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.3.3

Add $x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2$ and $0$ .

$(x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1.4.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.4.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$(x^{2 + 2} + x^{2} (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.1.2

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$(x^{4} + x^{2} (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.3

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.4.3.1

Move $x$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.4.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{1 + 2} - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.3.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.4

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.4.4.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 (x^{2} x) - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.4.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 3.2.1.4.4.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 (x^{2} x^{1}) - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.4.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2 + 1} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.4.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x (- 2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.5

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.6

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.4.6.1

Move $x$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} - 2 \cdot - 2 (x \cdot x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.6.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{2} - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.7

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x \cdot - 2 + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.8

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} + 4 x + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.9

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} + 4 x - 4 x + 2 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.4.10

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} + 4 x - 4 x - 4) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.5

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} + 4 x - 4 x - 4$ .

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Step 3.2.1.5.1

Subtract $4 x$ from $4 x$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} + 0 - 4) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.5.2

Add $x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$(x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.6

Subtract $2 x^{3}$ from $- 2 x^{3}$ .

$(x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.7

Expand $(x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$x^{4} x^{4} + x^{4} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{4} (- 8 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} x^{4} + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.8

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{4} x^{4} + x^{4} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{4} (- 8 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} x^{4} + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4$ .

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Step 3.2.1.8.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $x^{4} (- 4 x^{2})$ and $4 x^{2} x^{4}$ .

$x^{4} x^{4} - 4 x^{4} x^{2} + x^{4} (- 8 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{4} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.8.2

Add $- 4 x^{4} x^{2}$ and $4 x^{4} x^{2}$ .

$x^{4} x^{4} + x^{4} (- 8 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 0 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.8.3

Add $x^{4} x^{4} + x^{4} (- 8 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4$ and $0$ .

$x^{4} x^{4} + x^{4} (- 8 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1.9.1

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{4}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.9.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{4 + 4} + x^{4} (- 8 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.1.2

Add $4$ and $4$ .

$x^{8} + x^{4} (- 8 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} - 8 x^{4} x + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.3

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.9.3.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{8} - 8 (x \cdot x^{4}) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{4}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.9.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{8} - 8 (x^{1} x^{4}) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} - 8 x^{1 + 4} + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.3.3

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} + x^{4} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.4

Move $- 4$ to the left of $x^{4}$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 \cdot x^{4} - 4 x^{3} x^{4} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.5

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x^{4}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.9.5.1

Move $x^{4}$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 (x^{4} x^{3}) - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.5.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{4 + 3} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.5.3

Add $4$ and $3$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} - 4 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.6

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} - 4 \cdot - 4 x^{3} x^{2} - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.7

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.9.7.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} - 4 \cdot - 4 (x^{2} x^{3}) - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.7.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} - 4 \cdot - 4 x^{2 + 3} - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.7.3

Add $2$ and $3$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} - 4 \cdot - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.8

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 4$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} - 4 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.9

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} - 4 \cdot - 8 x^{3} x - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.10

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.9.10.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} - 4 \cdot - 8 (x \cdot x^{3}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.10.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.9.10.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} - 4 \cdot - 8 (x^{1} x^{3}) - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.10.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} - 4 \cdot - 8 x^{1 + 3} - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.10.3

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} - 4 \cdot - 8 x^{4} - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.11

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 8$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} - 4 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.12

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 4$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.13

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} + 4 \cdot - 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.14

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.9.14.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} + 4 \cdot - 4 (x^{2} x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.14.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} + 4 \cdot - 4 x^{2 + 2} + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.14.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} + 4 \cdot - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.15

Multiply $4$ by $- 4$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.16

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 8 x^{2} x + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.17

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.9.17.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 8 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.17.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.9.17.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 8 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.17.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 8 x^{1 + 2} + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.17.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 8 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.18

Multiply $4$ by $- 8$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} - 32 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.19

Multiply $- 4$ by $4$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} - 32 x^{3} - 16 x^{2} - 4 x^{4} - 4 (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.20

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 4$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} - 32 x^{3} - 16 x^{2} - 4 x^{4} + 16 x^{2} - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.21

Multiply $- 8$ by $- 4$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} - 32 x^{3} - 16 x^{2} - 4 x^{4} + 16 x^{2} + 32 x - 4 \cdot - 4 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.9.22

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 4$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} - 32 x^{3} - 16 x^{2} - 4 x^{4} + 16 x^{2} + 32 x + 16 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.10

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} - 32 x^{3} - 16 x^{2} - 4 x^{4} + 16 x^{2} + 32 x + 16$ .

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Step 3.2.1.10.1

Add $- 16 x^{2}$ and $16 x^{2}$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} - 32 x^{3} - 4 x^{4} + 0 + 32 x + 16 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.10.2

Add $x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} - 32 x^{3} - 4 x^{4}$ and $0$ .

$x^{8} - 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 16 x^{5} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} - 32 x^{3} - 4 x^{4} + 32 x + 16 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.11

Add $- 8 x^{5}$ and $16 x^{5}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} - 4 x^{7} + 32 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} - 32 x^{3} - 4 x^{4} + 32 x + 16 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.12

Add $- 4 x^{4}$ and $32 x^{4}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 28 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} - 32 x^{3} - 4 x^{4} + 32 x + 16 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.13

Subtract $16 x^{4}$ from $28 x^{4}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 12 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 32 x^{3} - 4 x^{4} + 32 x + 16 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.14

Subtract $4 x^{4}$ from $12 x^{4}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} + 16 x^{3} - 32 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.15

Subtract $32 x^{3}$ from $16 x^{3}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.16

Cancel the common factor of $(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ .

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Step 3.2.1.16.1

Factor $(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ out of $(x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + \frac{1}{(x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)} ((x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.16.2

Cancel the common factor.

Step 3.2.1.16.3

Rewrite the expression.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + (x^{4} + 4) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.17

Expand $(x^{4} + 4) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{4} x^{4} + x^{4} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{4} (- 8 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{4} + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.18

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{4} x^{4} + x^{4} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{4} (- 8 x) + x^{4} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{4} + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4$ .

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Step 3.2.1.18.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $x^{4} \cdot - 4$ and $4 x^{4}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{4} x^{4} + x^{4} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{4} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.18.2

Add $- 4 x^{4}$ and $4 x^{4}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{4} x^{4} + x^{4} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{4} (- 8 x) + 0 + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.18.3

Add $x^{4} x^{4} + x^{4} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{4} (- 8 x)$ and $0$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{4} x^{4} + x^{4} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{4} (- 8 x) + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1.19.1

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{4}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.19.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{4 + 4} + x^{4} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{4} (- 8 x) + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.1.2

Add $4$ and $4$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} + x^{4} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{4} (- 8 x) + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{4} x^{2} + x^{4} (- 8 x) + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.3

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.19.3.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 (x^{2} x^{4}) + x^{4} (- 8 x) + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.3.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{2 + 4} + x^{4} (- 8 x) + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.3.3

Add $2$ and $4$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} + x^{4} (- 8 x) + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{4} x + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.5

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.19.5.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 (x \cdot x^{4}) + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{4}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.19.5.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 (x^{1} x^{4}) + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.5.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{1 + 4} + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.5.3

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} + 4 (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.6

Multiply $- 4$ by $4$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} + 4 (- 8 x) + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.7

Multiply $- 8$ by $4$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x + 4 \cdot - 4 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.19.8

Multiply $4$ by $- 4$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.20

Cancel the common factor of $x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4$ .

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Step 3.2.1.20.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4}$ into the numerator.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 + \frac{- 2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.20.2

Factor $x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4$ out of $(x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 + \frac{- 2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} ((x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4) ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2))) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.20.3

Cancel the common factor.

Step 3.2.1.20.4

Rewrite the expression.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.21

Expand $(x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{4} x^{2} + x^{4} (- 2 x) + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.22

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1.22.1

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.22.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{4 + 2} + x^{4} (- 2 x) + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.22.1.2

Add $4$ and $2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{6} + x^{4} (- 2 x) + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.22.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{4} x + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.22.3

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.22.3.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{6} - 2 (x \cdot x^{4}) + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.22.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{4}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.22.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{6} - 2 (x^{1} x^{4}) + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.22.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{1 + 4} + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.22.3.3

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{5} + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.22.4

Move $2$ to the left of $x^{4}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{5} + 2 \cdot x^{4} + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.22.5

Multiply $- 2$ by $4$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.22.6

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x + 8) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.23

Expand $(x^{6} - 2 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x + 8) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{6} x^{2} + x^{6} (- 2 x) + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1.24.1

Multiply $x^{6}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.24.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{6 + 2} + x^{6} (- 2 x) + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.1.2

Add $6$ and $2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} + x^{6} (- 2 x) + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{6} x + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.3

Multiply $x^{6}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.24.3.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 (x \cdot x^{6}) + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{6}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.24.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 (x^{1} x^{6}) + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{1 + 6} + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.3.3

Add $1$ and $6$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.4

Move $- 2$ to the left of $x^{6}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot x^{6} - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.5

Multiply $x^{5}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.24.5.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 (x^{2} x^{5}) - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.5.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{2 + 5} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.5.3

Add $2$ and $5$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.6

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{5} x - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.7

Multiply $x^{5}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.24.7.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot - 2 (x \cdot x^{5}) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.7.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{5}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.24.7.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot - 2 (x^{1} x^{5}) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.7.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{1 + 5} - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.7.3

Add $1$ and $5$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.8

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.9

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.10

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.24.10.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 (x^{2} x^{4}) + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.10.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{2 + 4} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.10.3

Add $2$ and $4$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.11

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 \cdot - 2 x^{4} x + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.12

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.24.12.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 \cdot - 2 (x \cdot x^{4}) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.12.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{4}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.24.12.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 \cdot - 2 (x^{1} x^{4}) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.12.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 \cdot - 2 x^{1 + 4} + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.12.3

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 \cdot - 2 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.13

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.14

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.15

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.24.15.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 (x^{2} x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.15.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{2 + 2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.15.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.16

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 2 x^{2} x + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.17

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.24.17.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.17.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.24.17.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.17.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 2 x^{1 + 2} + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.17.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.18

Multiply $4$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.19

Multiply $- 2$ by $4$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.20

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.24.20.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 (x^{2} x) - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.20.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 3.2.1.24.20.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 (x^{2} x^{1}) - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.20.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{2 + 1} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.20.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.21

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} - 8 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.22

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.24.22.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} - 8 \cdot - 2 (x \cdot x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.22.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} - 8 \cdot - 2 x^{2} - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.23

Multiply $- 8$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.24

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 8$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.25

Multiply $- 2$ by $8$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x + 8 \cdot - 2) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.24.26

Multiply $8$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.25

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16$ .

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Step 3.2.1.25.1

Add $- 2 x^{6}$ and $2 x^{6}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 0 - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.25.2

Add $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5}$ and $0$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.25.3

Subtract $4 x^{5}$ from $4 x^{5}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 0 - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.25.4

Add $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6}$ and $0$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.25.5

Add $- 4 x^{4}$ and $4 x^{4}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 0 - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.25.6

Add $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6}$ and $0$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.25.7

Add $- 8 x^{2}$ and $8 x^{2}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 0 - 16 x - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.25.8

Add $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x$ and $0$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x - 16 x - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.25.9

Subtract $16 x$ from $16 x$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 0 - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.25.10

Add $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.26

Subtract $2 x^{7}$ from $- 2 x^{7}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.27

Subtract $8 x^{3}$ from $- 8 x^{3}$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 (x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} - 16) = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.28

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 x^{8} - 2 (- 4 x^{7}) - 2 (4 x^{6}) - 2 (- 16 x^{3}) - 2 (16 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot - 16 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.29

Simplify.

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Step 3.2.1.29.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 2 (4 x^{6}) - 2 (- 16 x^{3}) - 2 (16 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot - 16 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.29.2

Multiply $4$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} - 2 (- 16 x^{3}) - 2 (16 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot - 16 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.29.3

Multiply $- 16$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 2 (16 x^{2}) - 2 \cdot - 16 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.29.4

Multiply $16$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} - 2 \cdot - 16 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.1.29.5

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 16$ .

$x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2

Simplify by adding terms.

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Step 3.2.2.1

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{8} + 8 x^{5} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{5} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32$ .

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Step 3.2.2.1.1

Subtract $8 x^{5}$ from $8 x^{5}$ .

$x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} + 0 - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.1.2

Add $x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6}$ and $0$ .

$x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 32 x + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} - 32 x - 16 - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.1.3

Subtract $32 x$ from $32 x$ .

$x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} + 0 - 16 - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.1.4

Add $x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + 16 + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} - 16 - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.1.5

Subtract $16$ from $16$ .

$x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} + 0 - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.1.6

Add $x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} + x^{8} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.2

Add $x^{8}$ and $x^{8}$ .

$2 x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.3

Combine the opposite terms in $2 x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} - 2 x^{8} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32$ .

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Step 3.2.2.3.1

Subtract $2 x^{8}$ from $2 x^{8}$ .

$- 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} + 0 + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.3.2

Add $- 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$- 4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} + 8 x^{7} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.4

Add $- 4 x^{7}$ and $8 x^{7}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} - 8 x^{6} + 32 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.5

Add $- 16 x^{3}$ and $32 x^{3}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} - 8 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.6

Subtract $8 x^{6}$ from $- 4 x^{6}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} - 16 x^{2} + 16 x^{3} - 32 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.2.2.7

Subtract $32 x^{2}$ from $- 16 x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.3.1

Expand $(x^{4} + 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4} x^{2} + x^{4} (- 2 x) + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.3.2.1

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.2.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{4 + 2} + x^{4} (- 2 x) + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.2.1.2

Add $4$ and $2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{6} + x^{4} (- 2 x) + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.2.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{4} x + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.2.3

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.2.3.1

Move $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{6} - 2 (x \cdot x^{4}) + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.2.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{4}$ .

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Step 3.3.2.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{6} - 2 (x^{1} x^{4}) + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.2.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{1 + 4} + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.2.3.3

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{5} + x^{4} \cdot 2 + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.2.4

Move $2$ to the left of $x^{4}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{5} + 2 \cdot x^{4} + 4 x^{2} + 4 (- 2 x) + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.2.5

Multiply $- 2$ by $4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x + 4 \cdot 2) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.2.6

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{6} - 2 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x + 8) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.3

Expand $(x^{6} - 2 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} - 8 x + 8) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{6} x^{2} + x^{6} (- 2 x) + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4

Simplify terms.

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Step 3.3.4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.3.4.1.1

Multiply $x^{6}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.4.1.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{6 + 2} + x^{6} (- 2 x) + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.1.2

Add $6$ and $2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} + x^{6} (- 2 x) + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{6} x + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.3

Multiply $x^{6}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.4.1.3.1

Move $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 (x \cdot x^{6}) + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{6}$ .

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Step 3.3.4.1.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 (x^{1} x^{6}) + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{1 + 6} + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.3.3

Add $1$ and $6$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} + x^{6} \cdot - 2 - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.4

Move $- 2$ to the left of $x^{6}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot x^{6} - 2 x^{5} x^{2} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.5

Multiply $x^{5}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.4.1.5.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 (x^{2} x^{5}) - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.5.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{2 + 5} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.5.3

Add $2$ and $5$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{5} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.6

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{5} x - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.7

Multiply $x^{5}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.4.1.7.1

Move $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot - 2 (x \cdot x^{5}) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.7.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{5}$ .

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Step 3.3.4.1.7.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot - 2 (x^{1} x^{5}) - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.7.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{1 + 5} - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.7.3

Add $1$ and $5$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.8

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 2 x^{5} \cdot - 2 + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.9

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} x^{2} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.10

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.4.1.10.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 (x^{2} x^{4}) + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.10.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{2 + 4} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.10.3

Add $2$ and $4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 x^{4} (- 2 x) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.11

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 \cdot - 2 x^{4} x + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.12

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.4.1.12.1

Move $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 \cdot - 2 (x \cdot x^{4}) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.12.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{4}$ .

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Step 3.3.4.1.12.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 \cdot - 2 (x^{1} x^{4}) + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.12.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 \cdot - 2 x^{1 + 4} + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.12.3

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} + 2 \cdot - 2 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.13

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{4} \cdot - 2 + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.14

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.15

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.4.1.15.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 (x^{2} x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.15.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{2 + 2} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.15.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{2} (- 2 x) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.16

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 2 x^{2} x + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.17

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.4.1.17.1

Move $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.17.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 3.3.4.1.17.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.17.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 2 x^{1 + 2} + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.17.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} + 4 \cdot - 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.18

Multiply $4$ by $- 2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.19

Multiply $- 2$ by $4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x \cdot x^{2} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.20

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.4.1.20.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 (x^{2} x) - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.20.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 3.3.4.1.20.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 (x^{2} x^{1}) - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.20.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{2 + 1} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.20.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x (- 2 x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.21

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} - 8 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.22

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.4.1.22.1

Move $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} - 8 \cdot - 2 (x \cdot x) - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.22.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} - 8 \cdot - 2 x^{2} - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.23

Multiply $- 8$ by $- 2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} - 8 x \cdot - 2 + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.24

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 8$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} + 8 (- 2 x) + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.25

Multiply $- 2$ by $8$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x + 8 \cdot - 2) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.1.26

Multiply $8$ by $- 2$ .

Step 3.3.4.2

Simplify by adding terms.

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Step 3.3.4.2.1

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{6} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 2 x^{6} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16$ .

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Step 3.3.4.2.1.1

Add $- 2 x^{6}$ and $2 x^{6}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} + 0 - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.2.1.2

Add $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5}$ and $0$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{5} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.2.1.3

Subtract $4 x^{5}$ from $4 x^{5}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 0 - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.2.1.4

Add $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6}$ and $0$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 4 x^{4} + 4 x^{4} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.2.1.5

Add $- 4 x^{4}$ and $4 x^{4}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} + 0 - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.2.1.6

Add $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6}$ and $0$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 8 x^{2} - 16 x - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.2.1.7

Add $- 8 x^{2}$ and $8 x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x + 0 - 16 x - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.2.1.8

Add $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x$ and $0$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 16 x - 16 x - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.2.1.9

Subtract $16 x$ from $16 x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} + 0 - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.2.1.10

Add $x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 2 x^{7} - 2 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.2.2

Subtract $2 x^{7}$ from $- 2 x^{7}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 8 x^{3} - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.4.2.3

Subtract $8 x^{3}$ from $- 8 x^{3}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 ((x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4))$

Step 3.3.5

Expand $(x^{8} - 4 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} - 16 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} - 16) (x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{8} x^{4} + x^{8} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{8} (- 8 x) + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6

Simplify terms.

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Step 3.3.6.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.3.6.1.1

Multiply $x^{8}$ by $x^{4}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{8 + 4} + x^{8} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{8} (- 8 x) + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.1.2

Add $8$ and $4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} + x^{8} (- 4 x^{2}) + x^{8} (- 8 x) + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{8} x^{2} + x^{8} (- 8 x) + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.3

Multiply $x^{8}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.3.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 (x^{2} x^{8}) + x^{8} (- 8 x) + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.3.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{2 + 8} + x^{8} (- 8 x) + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.3.3

Add $2$ and $8$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} + x^{8} (- 8 x) + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{8} x + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.5

Multiply $x^{8}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.5.1

Move $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 (x \cdot x^{8}) + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{8}$ .

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Step 3.3.6.1.5.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 (x^{1} x^{8}) + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.5.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{1 + 8} + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.5.3

Add $1$ and $8$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} + x^{8} \cdot - 4 - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.6

Move $- 4$ to the left of $x^{8}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 \cdot x^{8} - 4 x^{7} x^{4} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.7

Multiply $x^{7}$ by $x^{4}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.7.1

Move $x^{4}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 (x^{4} x^{7}) - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.7.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{4 + 7} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.7.3

Add $4$ and $7$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} - 4 x^{7} (- 4 x^{2}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.8

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} - 4 \cdot - 4 x^{7} x^{2} - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.9

Multiply $x^{7}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.9.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} - 4 \cdot - 4 (x^{2} x^{7}) - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.9.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} - 4 \cdot - 4 x^{2 + 7} - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.9.3

Add $2$ and $7$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} - 4 \cdot - 4 x^{9} - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.10

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} - 4 x^{7} (- 8 x) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.11

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} - 4 \cdot - 8 x^{7} x - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.12

Multiply $x^{7}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.12.1

Move $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} - 4 \cdot - 8 (x \cdot x^{7}) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.12.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{7}$ .

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Step 3.3.6.1.12.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} - 4 \cdot - 8 (x^{1} x^{7}) - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.12.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} - 4 \cdot - 8 x^{1 + 7} - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.12.3

Add $1$ and $7$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} - 4 \cdot - 8 x^{8} - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.13

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 8$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} - 4 x^{7} \cdot - 4 + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.14

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} x^{4} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.15

Multiply $x^{6}$ by $x^{4}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.15.1

Move $x^{4}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 (x^{4} x^{6}) + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.15.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{4 + 6} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.15.3

Add $4$ and $6$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} + 4 x^{6} (- 4 x^{2}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.16

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} + 4 \cdot - 4 x^{6} x^{2} + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.17

Multiply $x^{6}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.17.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} + 4 \cdot - 4 (x^{2} x^{6}) + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.17.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} + 4 \cdot - 4 x^{2 + 6} + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.17.3

Add $2$ and $6$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} + 4 \cdot - 4 x^{8} + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.18

Multiply $4$ by $- 4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} + 4 x^{6} (- 8 x) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.19

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} + 4 \cdot - 8 x^{6} x + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.20

Multiply $x^{6}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.20.1

Move $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} + 4 \cdot - 8 (x \cdot x^{6}) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.20.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{6}$ .

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Step 3.3.6.1.20.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} + 4 \cdot - 8 (x^{1} x^{6}) + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.20.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} + 4 \cdot - 8 x^{1 + 6} + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.20.3

Add $1$ and $6$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} + 4 \cdot - 8 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.21

Multiply $4$ by $- 8$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 4 x^{6} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.22

Multiply $- 4$ by $4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{3} x^{4} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.23

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x^{4}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.23.1

Move $x^{4}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 (x^{4} x^{3}) - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.23.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{4 + 3} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.23.3

Add $4$ and $3$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} - 16 x^{3} (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.24

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} - 16 \cdot - 4 x^{3} x^{2} - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.25

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.25.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} - 16 \cdot - 4 (x^{2} x^{3}) - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.25.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} - 16 \cdot - 4 x^{2 + 3} - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.25.3

Add $2$ and $3$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} - 16 \cdot - 4 x^{5} - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.26

Multiply $- 16$ by $- 4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} - 16 x^{3} (- 8 x) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.27

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} - 16 \cdot - 8 x^{3} x - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.28

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.28.1

Move $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} - 16 \cdot - 8 (x \cdot x^{3}) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.28.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

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Step 3.3.6.1.28.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} - 16 \cdot - 8 (x^{1} x^{3}) - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.28.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} - 16 \cdot - 8 x^{1 + 3} - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.28.3

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} - 16 \cdot - 8 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.29

Multiply $- 16$ by $- 8$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} - 16 x^{3} \cdot - 4 + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.30

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 16$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.31

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{4}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.31.1

Move $x^{4}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 (x^{4} x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.31.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{4 + 2} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.31.3

Add $4$ and $2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} + 16 x^{2} (- 4 x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.32

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} + 16 \cdot - 4 x^{2} x^{2} + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.33

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.33.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} + 16 \cdot - 4 (x^{2} x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.33.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} + 16 \cdot - 4 x^{2 + 2} + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.33.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} + 16 \cdot - 4 x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.34

Multiply $16$ by $- 4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} + 16 x^{2} (- 8 x) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.35

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} + 16 \cdot - 8 x^{2} x + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.36

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.6.1.36.1

Move $x$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} + 16 \cdot - 8 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.36.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 3.3.6.1.36.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} + 16 \cdot - 8 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.36.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} + 16 \cdot - 8 x^{1 + 2} + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.36.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} + 16 \cdot - 8 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.37

Multiply $16$ by $- 8$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} + 16 x^{2} \cdot - 4 - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.38

Multiply $- 4$ by $16$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 16 x^{4} - 16 (- 4 x^{2}) - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.39

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 16$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 16 x^{4} + 64 x^{2} - 16 (- 8 x) - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.40

Multiply $- 8$ by $- 16$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 16 x^{4} + 64 x^{2} + 128 x - 16 \cdot - 4)$

Step 3.3.6.1.41

Multiply $- 16$ by $- 4$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 16 x^{4} + 64 x^{2} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2

Simplify by adding terms.

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Step 3.3.6.2.1

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{12} - 4 x^{10} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 4 x^{10} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 16 x^{4} + 64 x^{2} + 128 x + 64$ .

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Step 3.3.6.2.1.1

Add $- 4 x^{10}$ and $4 x^{10}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} + 0 - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 16 x^{4} + 64 x^{2} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.1.2

Add $x^{12} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7}$ and $0$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} + 16 x^{7} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} - 16 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 16 x^{4} + 64 x^{2} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.1.3

Subtract $16 x^{7}$ from $16 x^{7}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} + 0 + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 16 x^{4} + 64 x^{2} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.1.4

Add $x^{12} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6}$ and $0$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} - 16 x^{6} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 16 x^{6} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 16 x^{4} + 64 x^{2} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.1.5

Add $- 16 x^{6}$ and $16 x^{6}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} + 0 - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 16 x^{4} + 64 x^{2} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.1.6

Add $x^{12} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3}$ and $0$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 64 x^{2} - 16 x^{4} + 64 x^{2} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.1.7

Add $- 64 x^{2}$ and $64 x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} + 0 + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.1.8

Add $x^{12} - 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 16 x^{9} + 32 x^{8} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 16 x^{4}$ and $0$ .

Step 3.3.6.2.2

Add $- 8 x^{9}$ and $16 x^{9}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} + 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{8} - 4 x^{11} + 32 x^{8} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.3

Add $- 4 x^{8}$ and $32 x^{8}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} + 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{11} + 28 x^{8} - 16 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.4

Subtract $16 x^{8}$ from $28 x^{8}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} + 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{11} + 12 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 128 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} - 64 x^{4} - 128 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.5

Subtract $64 x^{4}$ from $128 x^{4}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} + 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{11} + 12 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 64 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} - 128 x^{3} - 16 x^{4} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.6

Subtract $16 x^{4}$ from $64 x^{4}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} + 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{11} + 12 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 48 x^{4} + 64 x^{3} - 128 x^{3} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.7

Subtract $128 x^{3}$ from $64 x^{3}$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0 (x^{12} + 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{11} + 12 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 48 x^{4} - 64 x^{3} + 128 x + 64)$

Step 3.3.6.2.8

Multiply $0$ by $x^{12} + 8 x^{9} - 4 x^{11} + 12 x^{8} - 32 x^{7} + 64 x^{5} + 48 x^{4} - 64 x^{3} + 128 x + 64$ .

$4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0$

Step 4

Solve the equation.

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Step 4.1

Factor the left side of the equation.

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Step 4.1.1

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{7} + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32$ .

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Step 4.1.1.1

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{7}$ .

$4 (x^{7}) + 8 x^{4} - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0$

Step 4.1.1.2

Factor $4$ out of $8 x^{4}$ .

$4 (x^{7}) + 4 (2 x^{4}) - 12 x^{6} + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0$

Step 4.1.1.3

Factor $4$ out of $- 12 x^{6}$ .

$4 (x^{7}) + 4 (2 x^{4}) + 4 (- 3 x^{6}) + 16 x^{3} - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0$

Step 4.1.1.4

Factor $4$ out of $16 x^{3}$ .

$4 (x^{7}) + 4 (2 x^{4}) + 4 (- 3 x^{6}) + 4 (4 x^{3}) - 48 x^{2} + 32 = 0$

Step 4.1.1.5

Factor $4$ out of $- 48 x^{2}$ .

$4 (x^{7}) + 4 (2 x^{4}) + 4 (- 3 x^{6}) + 4 (4 x^{3}) + 4 (- 12 x^{2}) + 32 = 0$

Step 4.1.1.6

Factor $4$ out of $32$ .

$4 x^{7} + 4 (2 x^{4}) + 4 (- 3 x^{6}) + 4 (4 x^{3}) + 4 (- 12 x^{2}) + 4 \cdot 8 = 0$

Step 4.1.1.7

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{7} + 4 (2 x^{4})$ .

$4 (x^{7} + 2 x^{4}) + 4 (- 3 x^{6}) + 4 (4 x^{3}) + 4 (- 12 x^{2}) + 4 \cdot 8 = 0$

Step 4.1.1.8

Factor $4$ out of $4 (x^{7} + 2 x^{4}) + 4 (- 3 x^{6})$ .

$4 (x^{7} + 2 x^{4} - 3 x^{6}) + 4 (4 x^{3}) + 4 (- 12 x^{2}) + 4 \cdot 8 = 0$

Step 4.1.1.9

Factor $4$ out of $4 (x^{7} + 2 x^{4} - 3 x^{6}) + 4 (4 x^{3})$ .

$4 (x^{7} + 2 x^{4} - 3 x^{6} + 4 x^{3}) + 4 (- 12 x^{2}) + 4 \cdot 8 = 0$

Step 4.1.1.10

Factor $4$ out of $4 (x^{7} + 2 x^{4} - 3 x^{6} + 4 x^{3}) + 4 (- 12 x^{2})$ .

$4 (x^{7} + 2 x^{4} - 3 x^{6} + 4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2}) + 4 \cdot 8 = 0$

Step 4.1.1.11

Factor $4$ out of $4 (x^{7} + 2 x^{4} - 3 x^{6} + 4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2}) + 4 \cdot 8$ .

$4 (x^{7} + 2 x^{4} - 3 x^{6} + 4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} + 8) = 0$

Step 4.1.2

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $x^{7} + 2 x^{4} - 3 x^{6}$ .

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Step 4.1.2.1

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $x^{7}$ .

$4 (x^{4} x^{3} + 2 x^{4} - 3 x^{6} + 4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} + 8) = 0$

Step 4.1.2.2

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $2 x^{4}$ .

$4 (x^{4} x^{3} + x^{4} \cdot 2 - 3 x^{6} + 4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} + 8) = 0$

Step 4.1.2.3

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $- 3 x^{6}$ .

$4 (x^{4} x^{3} + x^{4} \cdot 2 + x^{4} (- 3 x^{2}) + 4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} + 8) = 0$

Step 4.1.2.4

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $x^{4} x^{3} + x^{4} \cdot 2$ .

$4 (x^{4} (x^{3} + 2) + x^{4} (- 3 x^{2}) + 4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} + 8) = 0$

Step 4.1.2.5

Factor $x^{4}$ out of $x^{4} (x^{3} + 2) + x^{4} (- 3 x^{2})$ .

$4 (x^{4} (x^{3} + 2 - 3 x^{2}) + 4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} + 8) = 0$

Step 4.1.3

Reorder terms.

$4 (x^{4} (x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 2) + 4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} + 8) = 0$

Step 4.1.4

Factor.

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Step 4.1.4.1

Factor $x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 2$ using the rational roots test.

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Step 4.1.4.1.1

If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form $\frac{p}{q}$ where $p$ is a factor of the constant and $q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient.

$p = \pm 1, \pm 2$

$q = \pm 1$

Step 4.1.4.1.2

Find every combination of $\pm \frac{p}{q}$ . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.

$\pm 1, \pm 2$

Step 4.1.4.1.3

Substitute $1$ and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to $0$ so $1$ is a root of the polynomial.

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Step 4.1.4.1.3.1

Substitute $1$ into the polynomial.

$1^{3} - 3 \cdot 1^{2} + 2$

Step 4.1.4.1.3.2

Raise $1$ to the power of $3$ .

$1 - 3 \cdot 1^{2} + 2$

Step 4.1.4.1.3.3

Raise $1$ to the power of $2$ .

$1 - 3 \cdot 1 + 2$

Step 4.1.4.1.3.4

Multiply $- 3$ by $1$ .

$1 - 3 + 2$

Step 4.1.4.1.3.5

Subtract $3$ from $1$ .

$- 2 + 2$

Step 4.1.4.1.3.6

Add $- 2$ and $2$ .

$0$

Step 4.1.4.1.4

Since $1$ is a known root, divide the polynomial by $x - 1$ to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.

$\frac{x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 2}{x - 1}$

Step 4.1.4.1.5

Divide $x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 2$ by $x - 1$ .

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Step 4.1.4.1.5.1

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$x$

$1$

$x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.2

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $x^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

					$x^{2}$
	$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.3

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			+	$x^{3}$	-	$x^{2}$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.4

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $x^{3} - x^{2}$

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.5

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.6

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.7

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 2 x^{2}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.8

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.9

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 2 x^{2} + 2 x$

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.10

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.11

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.12

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 2 x$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$	-	$2$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.13

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$	-	$2$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.14

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 2 x + 2$

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$	-	$2$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$
							+	$2 x$	-	$2$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.15

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$	-	$2$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$
							+	$2 x$	-	$2$
										$0$

Step 4.1.4.1.5.16

Since the remander is $0$ , the final answer is the quotient.

$x^{2} - 2 x - 2$

Step 4.1.4.1.6

Write $x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 2$ as a set of factors.

$4 (x^{4} ((x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) + 4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} + 8) = 0$

Step 4.1.4.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$4 (x^{4} (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) + 4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} + 8) = 0$

Step 4.1.5

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{3} - 12 x^{2} + 8$ .

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Step 4.1.5.1

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{3}$ .

$4 (x^{4} (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) + 4 (x^{3}) - 12 x^{2} + 8) = 0$

Step 4.1.5.2

Factor $4$ out of $- 12 x^{2}$ .

$4 (x^{4} (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) + 4 (x^{3}) + 4 (- 3 x^{2}) + 8) = 0$

Step 4.1.5.3

Factor $4$ out of $8$ .

$4 (x^{4} (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) + 4 x^{3} + 4 (- 3 x^{2}) + 4 \cdot 2) = 0$

Step 4.1.5.4

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{3} + 4 (- 3 x^{2})$ .

$4 (x^{4} (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) + 4 (x^{3} - 3 x^{2}) + 4 \cdot 2) = 0$

Step 4.1.5.5

Factor $4$ out of $4 (x^{3} - 3 x^{2}) + 4 \cdot 2$ .

$4 (x^{4} (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) + 4 (x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 2)) = 0$

Step 4.1.6

Factor.

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Step 4.1.6.1

Factor $x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 2$ using the rational roots test.

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Step 4.1.6.1.1

If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form $\frac{p}{q}$ where $p$ is a factor of the constant and $q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient.

$p = \pm 1, \pm 2$

$q = \pm 1$

Step 4.1.6.1.2

Find every combination of $\pm \frac{p}{q}$ . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.

$\pm 1, \pm 2$

Step 4.1.6.1.3

Substitute $1$ and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to $0$ so $1$ is a root of the polynomial.

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Step 4.1.6.1.3.1

Substitute $1$ into the polynomial.

$1^{3} - 3 \cdot 1^{2} + 2$

Step 4.1.6.1.3.2

Raise $1$ to the power of $3$ .

$1 - 3 \cdot 1^{2} + 2$

Step 4.1.6.1.3.3

Raise $1$ to the power of $2$ .

$1 - 3 \cdot 1 + 2$

Step 4.1.6.1.3.4

Multiply $- 3$ by $1$ .

$1 - 3 + 2$

Step 4.1.6.1.3.5

Subtract $3$ from $1$ .

$- 2 + 2$

Step 4.1.6.1.3.6

Add $- 2$ and $2$ .

$0$

Step 4.1.6.1.4

Since $1$ is a known root, divide the polynomial by $x - 1$ to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.

$\frac{x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 2}{x - 1}$

Step 4.1.6.1.5

Divide $x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 2$ by $x - 1$ .

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Step 4.1.6.1.5.1

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$x$

$1$

$x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.2

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $x^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

					$x^{2}$
	$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.3

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			+	$x^{3}$	-	$x^{2}$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.4

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $x^{3} - x^{2}$

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.5

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.6

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

				$x^{2}$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.7

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 2 x^{2}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.8

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$2 x$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.9

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 2 x^{2} + 2 x$

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.10

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.11

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.12

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 2 x$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$	-	$2$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.13

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$	-	$2$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.14

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 2 x + 2$

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$	-	$2$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$
							+	$2 x$	-	$2$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.15

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

				$x^{2}$	-	$2 x$	-	$2$
$x$	-	$1$		$x^{3}$	-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$2$
			-	$x^{3}$	+	$x^{2}$
					-	$2 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$2 x^{2}$	-	$2 x$
							-	$2 x$	+	$2$
							+	$2 x$	-	$2$
										$0$

Step 4.1.6.1.5.16

Since the remander is $0$ , the final answer is the quotient.

$x^{2} - 2 x - 2$

Step 4.1.6.1.6

Write $x^{3} - 3 x^{2} + 2$ as a set of factors.

$4 (x^{4} (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) + 4 ((x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2))) = 0$

Step 4.1.6.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$4 (x^{4} (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) + 4 (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0$

Step 4.1.7

Factor.

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Step 4.1.7.1

Factor $(x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ out of $x^{4} (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) + 4 (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ .

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Step 4.1.7.1.1

Factor $(x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ out of $x^{4} (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ .

$4 ((x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4}) + 4 (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)) = 0$

Step 4.1.7.1.2

Factor $(x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ out of $4 (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ .

$4 ((x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4}) + (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (4)) = 0$

Step 4.1.7.1.3

Factor $(x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2)$ out of $(x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4}) + (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (4)$ .

$4 ((x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} + 4)) = 0$

Step 4.1.7.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$4 (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} + 4) = 0$

Step 4.2

If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to $0$ , the entire expression will be equal to $0$ .

$x - 1 = 0$

$x^{2} - 2 x - 2 = 0$

$x^{4} + 4 = 0$

Step 4.3

Set $x - 1$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 4.3.1

Set $x - 1$ equal to $0$ .

$x - 1 = 0$

Step 4.3.2

Add $1$ to both sides of the equation.

$x = 1$

Step 4.4

Set $x^{2} - 2 x - 2$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 4.4.1

Set $x^{2} - 2 x - 2$ equal to $0$ .

$x^{2} - 2 x - 2 = 0$

Step 4.4.2

Solve $x^{2} - 2 x - 2 = 0$ for $x$ .

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Step 4.4.2.1

Use the quadratic formula to find the solutions.

$\frac{- b \pm \sqrt{b^{2} - 4 (a c)}}{2 a}$

Step 4.4.2.2

Substitute the values $a = 1$ , $b = - 2$ , and $c = - 2$ into the quadratic formula and solve for $x$ .

$\frac{2 \pm \sqrt{{(- 2)}^{2} - 4 \cdot (1 \cdot - 2)}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.4.2.3

Simplify.

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Step 4.4.2.3.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.4.2.3.1.1

Raise $- 2$ to the power of $2$ .

$x = \frac{2 \pm \sqrt{4 - 4 \cdot 1 \cdot - 2}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.4.2.3.1.2

Multiply $- 4 \cdot 1 \cdot - 2$ .

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Step 4.4.2.3.1.2.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{2 \pm \sqrt{4 - 4 \cdot - 2}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.4.2.3.1.2.2

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 2$ .

$x = \frac{2 \pm \sqrt{4 + 8}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.4.2.3.1.3

Add $4$ and $8$ .

$x = \frac{2 \pm \sqrt{12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.4.2.3.1.4

Rewrite $12$ as $2^{2} \cdot 3$ .

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Step 4.4.2.3.1.4.1

Factor $4$ out of $12$ .

$x = \frac{2 \pm \sqrt{4 (3)}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.4.2.3.1.4.2

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$x = \frac{2 \pm \sqrt{2^{2} \cdot 3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.4.2.3.1.5

Pull terms out from under the radical.

$x = \frac{2 \pm 2 \sqrt{3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 4.4.2.3.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{2 \pm 2 \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 4.4.2.3.3

Simplify $\frac{2 \pm 2 \sqrt{3}}{2}$ .

$x = 1 \pm \sqrt{3}$

Step 4.4.2.4

The final answer is the combination of both solutions.

$x = 1 + \sqrt{3}, 1 - \sqrt{3}$

Step 4.5

Set $x^{4} + 4$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 4.5.1

Set $x^{4} + 4$ equal to $0$ .

$x^{4} + 4 = 0$

Step 4.5.2

Solve $x^{4} + 4 = 0$ for $x$ .

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Step 4.5.2.1

Subtract $4$ from both sides of the equation.

$x^{4} = - 4$

Step 4.5.2.2

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$x = \pm \sqrt[4]{- 4}$

Step 4.5.2.3

The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.

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Step 4.5.2.3.1

First, use the positive value of the $\pm$ to find the first solution.

$x = \sqrt[4]{- 4}$

Step 4.5.2.3.2

Next, use the negative value of the $\pm$ to find the second solution.

$x = - \sqrt[4]{- 4}$

Step 4.5.2.3.3

The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.

$x = \sqrt[4]{- 4}, - \sqrt[4]{- 4}$

Step 4.6

The final solution is all the values that make $4 (x - 1) (x^{2} - 2 x - 2) (x^{4} + 4) = 0$ true.

$x = 1, 1 + \sqrt{3}, 1 - \sqrt{3}, \sqrt[4]{- 4}, - \sqrt[4]{- 4}$

Step 5

Exclude the solutions that do not make $\frac{1}{x^{4} + 4} + \frac{1}{x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 4} - \frac{2}{x^{4} - 4 x^{2} - 8 x - 4} = 0$ true.

$x = 1$