Calculus Examples

Find the Concavity f(x)=(x^2)/(x^2+3)
Step 1
Find the values where the second derivative is equal to .
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1
Find the second derivative.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.1
Find the first derivative.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.1.1
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 1.1.1.2
Differentiate.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.1.2.1
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.1.1.2.2
Move to the left of .
Step 1.1.1.2.3
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.1.1.2.4
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.1.1.2.5
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.1.1.2.6
Simplify the expression.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.1.2.6.1
Add and .
Step 1.1.1.2.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.1.1.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.1.1.5
Add and .
Step 1.1.1.6
Simplify.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.1.6.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.1.1.6.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.1.1.6.3
Simplify the numerator.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.1.6.3.1
Simplify each term.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.1.6.3.1.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.1.6.3.1.1.1
Move .
Step 1.1.1.6.3.1.1.2
Multiply by .
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.1.6.3.1.1.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.1.1.6.3.1.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.1.1.6.3.1.1.3
Add and .
Step 1.1.1.6.3.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.1.6.3.2
Combine the opposite terms in .
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.1.6.3.2.1
Subtract from .
Step 1.1.1.6.3.2.2
Add and .
Step 1.1.2
Find the second derivative.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.1.2.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 1.1.2.3
Differentiate using the Power Rule.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.2.3.1
Multiply the exponents in .
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.2.3.1.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 1.1.2.3.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.2.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.1.2.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.2.4
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.2.4.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 1.1.2.4.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.1.2.4.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 1.1.2.5
Simplify with factoring out.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.2.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.2.5.2
Factor out of .
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.2.5.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.1.2.5.2.2
Factor out of .
Step 1.1.2.5.2.3
Factor out of .
Step 1.1.2.6
Cancel the common factors.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.2.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.1.2.6.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 1.1.2.6.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 1.1.2.7
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.1.2.8
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.1.2.9
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.1.2.10
Simplify the expression.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.2.10.1
Add and .
Step 1.1.2.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.2.11
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.1.2.12
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.1.2.13
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.1.2.14
Add and .
Step 1.1.2.15
Subtract from .
Step 1.1.2.16
Combine and .
Step 1.1.2.17
Simplify.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.2.17.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.1.2.17.2
Simplify each term.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.1.2.17.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.2.17.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.3
The second derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.2
Set the second derivative equal to then solve the equation .
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.2.1
Set the second derivative equal to .
Step 1.2.2
Set the numerator equal to zero.
Step 1.2.3
Solve the equation for .
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.2.3.1
Subtract from both sides of the equation.
Step 1.2.3.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.2.3.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 1.2.3.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.2.3.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.2.3.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 1.2.3.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 1.2.3.2.3
Simplify the right side.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.2.3.2.3.1
Divide by .
Step 1.2.3.3
Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 1.2.3.4
Any root of is .
Step 1.2.3.5
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Tap for more steps...
Step 1.2.3.5.1
First, use the positive value of the to find the first solution.
Step 1.2.3.5.2
Next, use the negative value of the to find the second solution.
Step 1.2.3.5.3
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 2
Find the domain of .
Tap for more steps...
Step 2.1
Set the denominator in equal to to find where the expression is undefined.
Step 2.2
Solve for .
Tap for more steps...
Step 2.2.1
Subtract from both sides of the equation.
Step 2.2.2
Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 2.2.3
Simplify .
Tap for more steps...
Step 2.2.3.1
Rewrite as .
Step 2.2.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 2.2.3.3
Rewrite as .
Step 2.2.4
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Tap for more steps...
Step 2.2.4.1
First, use the positive value of the to find the first solution.
Step 2.2.4.2
Next, use the negative value of the to find the second solution.
Step 2.2.4.3
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 2.3
The domain is all real numbers.
Interval Notation:
Set-Builder Notation:
Interval Notation:
Set-Builder Notation:
Step 3
Create intervals around the -values where the second derivative is zero or undefined.
Step 4
Substitute any number from the interval into the second derivative and evaluate to determine the concavity.
Tap for more steps...
Step 4.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 4.2
Simplify the result.
Tap for more steps...
Step 4.2.1
Simplify the numerator.
Tap for more steps...
Step 4.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.1.3
Add and .
Step 4.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Tap for more steps...
Step 4.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.2.2
Add and .
Step 4.2.2.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.3
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 4.2.4
The final answer is .
Step 4.3
The graph is concave down on the interval because is negative.
Concave down on since is negative
Concave down on since is negative
Step 5
Substitute any number from the interval into the second derivative and evaluate to determine the concavity.
Tap for more steps...
Step 5.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 5.2
Simplify the result.
Tap for more steps...
Step 5.2.1
Simplify the numerator.
Tap for more steps...
Step 5.2.1.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 5.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 5.2.1.3
Add and .
Step 5.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Tap for more steps...
Step 5.2.2.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 5.2.2.2
Add and .
Step 5.2.2.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 5.2.3
Cancel the common factor of and .
Tap for more steps...
Step 5.2.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.2.3.2
Cancel the common factors.
Tap for more steps...
Step 5.2.3.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.2.3.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.2.3.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.2.4
The final answer is .
Step 5.3
The graph is concave up on the interval because is positive.
Concave up on since is positive
Concave up on since is positive
Step 6
Substitute any number from the interval into the second derivative and evaluate to determine the concavity.
Tap for more steps...
Step 6.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 6.2
Simplify the result.
Tap for more steps...
Step 6.2.1
Simplify the numerator.
Tap for more steps...
Step 6.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 6.2.1.3
Add and .
Step 6.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Tap for more steps...
Step 6.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.2.2.2
Add and .
Step 6.2.2.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.2.3
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 6.2.4
The final answer is .
Step 6.3
The graph is concave down on the interval because is negative.
Concave down on since is negative
Concave down on since is negative
Step 7
The graph is concave down when the second derivative is negative and concave up when the second derivative is positive.
Concave down on since is negative
Concave up on since is positive
Concave down on since is negative
Step 8