Calculus Examples

$\int \sin^{6} (x) d x$

Step 1

Simplify with factoring out.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.1

Factor $2$ out of $6$ .

$\int {\sin (x)}^{2 (3)} d x$

Step 1.2

Rewrite ${\sin (x)}^{2 (3)}$ as exponentiation.

$\int {(\sin^{2} (x))}^{3} d x$

Step 2

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\sin^{2} (x)$ as $\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{2}$ .

$\int {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{2})}^{3} d x$

Step 3

Let $u_{1} = 2 x$ . Then $d u_{1} = 2 d x$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{1} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.1

Let $u_{1} = 2 x$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d x}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.1.1

Differentiate $2 x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [2 x]$

Step 3.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 3.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 3.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

Step 3.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ and $d u_{1}$ .

$\int {(\frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{3} \frac{1}{2} d u_{1}$

Step 4

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {(\frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{3} d u_{1}$

Step 5

Simplify by multiplying through.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1

Rewrite $\frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{2}$ as a product.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})))}^{3} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2

Expand ${(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})))}^{3}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.2.1

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})) {(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})))}^{2} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.2

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) ((\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) ((\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.7

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.8

Apply the distributive property.

Step 5.2.9

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.10

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.11

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.12

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.13

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.14

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.15

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.16

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.17

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.18

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.19

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.20

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.21

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot 1) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.22

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.23

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.24

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.25

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.26

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.27

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.28

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.29

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.30

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot - 1) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.31

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.32

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.33

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.34

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.35

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.36

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.37

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.38

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.39

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot 1) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.40

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.41

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.42

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.43

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.44

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.45

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot - 1 \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.46

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.47

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.48

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.49

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.50

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot - 1) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.51

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.52

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.53

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.54

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.55

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.56

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.57

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot 1) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.58

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.59

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.60

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.61

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.62

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.63

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.64

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.65

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.66

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.67

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot - 1) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.68

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.69

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.70

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.71

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.72

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.73

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.74

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.75

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.76

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.77

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot 1) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.78

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.79

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.80

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.81

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.82

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.83

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.84

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot - 1 \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.85

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.86

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.87

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.88

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.89

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (- 1 \cdot - 1) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.90

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.91

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.92

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.93

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.94

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.95

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.96

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.97

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4 \cdot 2} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.98

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.99

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.100

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.101

Combine $- \frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.102

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.103

Combine $- \frac{1}{4}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{4 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.104

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{8} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.105

Combine $\frac{1}{8}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.106

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.107

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.108

Combine $- \frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.109

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.110

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.111

Combine $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4 \cdot 2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.112

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.113

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.114

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.115

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.116

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.117

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.118

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.119

Multiply $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.120

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.121

Combine $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.122

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.123

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.124

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{{\cos (u_{1})}^{1 + 1}}{8} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.125

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.126

Subtract $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8}$ from $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} - 2 \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.127

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.128

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.129

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.130

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.131

Combine $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2 \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.132

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.133

Combine $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4 \cdot 2} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.134

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.135

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.136

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.137

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.138

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.139

Multiply $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2 \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.140

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.141

Multiply $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.142

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.143

Combine $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.144

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.145

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.146

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{{\cos (u_{1})}^{1 + 1}}{8} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.147

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.148

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.149

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.150

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.151

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.152

Multiply $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.153

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.154

Combine $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.155

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.156

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.157

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{{\cos (u_{1})}^{1 + 1}}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.158

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.159

Multiply $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4 \cdot 2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.160

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - 1 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.161

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.162

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.163

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.164

Combine $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.165

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.166

Combine $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.167

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.168

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.169

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{{\cos (u_{1})}^{1 + 1}}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.170

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.171

Combine $- \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.172

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

Step 5.2.173

Combine $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

Step 5.2.174

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.175

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

Step 5.2.176

Add $2$ and $1$ .

Step 5.2.177

Add $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8}$ and $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + 2 \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.178

Combine $2$ and $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.179

Reorder $\frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8}$ and $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.180

Reorder $\frac{1}{8}$ and $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.181

Reorder $\frac{2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8}$ and $- \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.182

Move $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.183

Move $\frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{8} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.184

Move $\frac{1}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.185

Reorder $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8}$ and $- \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.186

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1}) + 2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.187

Add $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ and $2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{8} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.188

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.189

Subtract $\cos (u_{1})$ from $- 2 \cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{- 3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} \int - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{1}{8} - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1}$

Step 6

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{2} (\int - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 7

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \int \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 8

Since $\frac{1}{8}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{8}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (- (\frac{1}{8} \int \cos^{3} (u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 9

Factor out $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} \int \cos^{2} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 10

Using the Pythagorean Identity, rewrite $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ as $1 - \sin^{2} (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} \int (1 - \sin^{2} (u_{1})) \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 11

Let $u_{2} = \sin (u_{1})$ . Then $d u_{2} = \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$ , so $\frac{1}{\cos (u_{1})} d u_{2} = d u_{1}$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 11.1

Let $u_{2} = \sin (u_{1})$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d u_{1}}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 11.1.1

Differentiate $\sin (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\sin (u_{1})]$

Step 11.1.2

The derivative of $\sin (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\cos (u_{1})$

Step 11.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ and $d u_{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} \int 1 - {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2} + \int \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 12

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (\int d u_{2} + \int - {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}) + \int \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 13

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C + \int - {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}) + \int \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 14

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{2}$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - \int {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}) + \int \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 15

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{2}}^{2}$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\frac{1}{3} {u_{2}}^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{1}{3} {u_{2}}^{3} + C)) + \int \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 16

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and ${u_{2}}^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \int \frac{3 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 17

Since $\frac{3}{8}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{3}{8}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{8} \int \cos^{2} (u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 18

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ as $\frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{1})}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{8} \int \frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{1})}{2} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 19

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{8} (\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 20

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 20.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{3}{8}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{2 \cdot 8} \int 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 20.2

Multiply $2$ by $8$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} \int 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 21

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} (\int d u_{1} + \int \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 22

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} (u_{1} + C + \int \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 23

Let $u_{3} = 2 u_{1}$ . Then $d u_{3} = 2 d u_{1}$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{3} = d u_{1}$ . Rewrite using $u_{3}$ and $d$ $u_{3}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 23.1

Let $u_{3} = 2 u_{1}$ . Find $\frac{d u_{3}}{d u_{1}}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 23.1.1

Differentiate $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [2 u_{1}]$

Step 23.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , the derivative of $2 u_{1}$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$

Step 23.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 23.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

Step 23.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{3}$ and $d u_{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} (u_{1} + C + \int \cos (u_{3}) \frac{1}{2} d u_{3}) + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 24

Combine $\cos (u_{3})$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} (u_{1} + C + \int \frac{\cos (u_{3})}{2} d u_{3}) + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 25

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{3}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} \int \cos (u_{3}) d u_{3}) + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 26

The integral of $\cos (u_{3})$ with respect to $u_{3}$ is $\sin (u_{3})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C)) + \int \frac{1}{8} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 27

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C)) + \frac{1}{8} u_{1} + C + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 28

Combine $\frac{1}{8}$ and $u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C)) + \frac{u_{1}}{8} + C + \int - \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 29

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C)) + \frac{u_{1}}{8} + C - \int \frac{3 \cos (u_{1})}{8} d u_{1})$

Step 30

Since $\frac{3}{8}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{3}{8}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C)) + \frac{u_{1}}{8} + C - (\frac{3}{8} \int \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}))$

Step 31

The integral of $\cos (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\sin (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{8} (u_{2} + C - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3} + C)) + \frac{3}{16} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{3}) + C)) + \frac{u_{1}}{8} + C - \frac{3}{8} (\sin (u_{1}) + C))$

Step 32

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 32.1

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{u_{2}}{8} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{24} + \frac{3 u_{1}}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (u_{3})}{32} + \frac{u_{1}}{8} - \frac{3 \sin (u_{1})}{8}) + C$

Step 32.2

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 32.2.1

To write $\frac{u_{1}}{8}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{u_{2}}{8} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{24} + \frac{3 u_{1}}{16} + \frac{u_{1}}{8} \cdot \frac{2}{2} + \frac{3 \sin (u_{3})}{32} - \frac{3 \sin (u_{1})}{8}) + C$

Step 32.2.2

Write each expression with a common denominator of $16$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 32.2.2.1

Multiply $\frac{u_{1}}{8}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{u_{2}}{8} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{24} + \frac{3 u_{1}}{16} + \frac{u_{1} \cdot 2}{8 \cdot 2} + \frac{3 \sin (u_{3})}{32} - \frac{3 \sin (u_{1})}{8}) + C$

Step 32.2.2.2

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{u_{2}}{8} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{24} + \frac{3 u_{1}}{16} + \frac{u_{1} \cdot 2}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (u_{3})}{32} - \frac{3 \sin (u_{1})}{8}) + C$

Step 32.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{u_{2}}{8} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{24} + \frac{3 u_{1} + u_{1} \cdot 2}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (u_{3})}{32} - \frac{3 \sin (u_{1})}{8}) + C$

Step 32.2.4

Move $2$ to the left of $u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{u_{2}}{8} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{24} + \frac{3 u_{1} + 2 \cdot u_{1}}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (u_{3})}{32} - \frac{3 \sin (u_{1})}{8}) + C$

Step 32.2.5

Add $3 u_{1}$ and $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{u_{2}}{8} + \frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{24} + \frac{5 u_{1}}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (u_{3})}{32} - \frac{3 \sin (u_{1})}{8}) + C$

Step 33

Substitute back in for each integration substitution variable.

Tap for more steps...

Step 33.1

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $\sin (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (u_{1})}{8} + \frac{\sin^{3} (u_{1})}{24} + \frac{5 u_{1}}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (u_{3})}{32} - \frac{3 \sin (u_{1})}{8}) + C$

Step 33.2

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $2 x$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{8} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 (2 x)}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (u_{3})}{32} - \frac{3 \sin (2 x)}{8}) + C$

Step 33.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{3}$ with $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{8} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 (2 x)}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (2 u_{1})}{32} - \frac{3 \sin (2 x)}{8}) + C$

Step 33.4

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $2 x$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{8} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 (2 x)}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32} - \frac{3 \sin (2 x)}{8}) + C$

Step 34

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 34.1

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{- \sin (2 x) - 3 \sin (2 x)}{8} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 (2 x)}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32}) + C$

Step 34.2

Subtract $3 \sin (2 x)$ from $- \sin (2 x)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{- 4 \sin (2 x)}{8} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 (2 x)}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32}) + C$

Step 34.3

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 34.3.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 4$ and $8$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 34.3.1.1

Factor $4$ out of $- 4 \sin (2 x)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{4 (- \sin (2 x))}{8} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 (2 x)}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32}) + C$

Step 34.3.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

Tap for more steps...

Step 34.3.1.2.1

Factor $4$ out of $8$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{4 (- \sin (2 x))}{4 (2)} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 (2 x)}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32}) + C$

Step 34.3.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{4 (- \sin (2 x))}{4 \cdot 2} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 (2 x)}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32}) + C$

Step 34.3.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{- \sin (2 x)}{2} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 (2 x)}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32}) + C$

Step 34.3.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 (2 x)}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32}) + C$

Step 34.3.3

Cancel the common factor of $2$ and $16$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 34.3.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $5 (2 x)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{2 (5 (x))}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32}) + C$

Step 34.3.3.2

Cancel the common factors.

Tap for more steps...

Step 34.3.3.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $16$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{2 (5 (x))}{2 \cdot 8} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32}) + C$

Step 34.3.3.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{2 (5 (x))}{2 \cdot 8} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32}) + C$

Step 34.3.3.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 (x)}{8} + \frac{3 \sin (2 (2 x))}{32}) + C$

Step 34.3.4

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{5 x}{8} + \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{32}) + C$

Step 34.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{5 x}{8} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{32} + C$

Step 34.5

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 34.5.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2})$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 34.5.1.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}$ .

$- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2 \cdot 2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{5 x}{8} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{32} + C$

Step 34.5.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{24} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{5 x}{8} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{32} + C$

Step 34.5.2

Combine.

$- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{4} + \frac{1 \sin^{3} (2 x)}{2 \cdot 24} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{5 x}{8} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{32} + C$

Step 34.5.3

Multiply $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{5 x}{8}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 34.5.3.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{5 x}{8}$ .

$- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{4} + \frac{1 \sin^{3} (2 x)}{2 \cdot 24} + \frac{5 x}{2 \cdot 8} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{32} + C$

Step 34.5.3.2

Multiply $2$ by $8$ .

$- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{4} + \frac{1 \sin^{3} (2 x)}{2 \cdot 24} + \frac{5 x}{16} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{32} + C$

Step 34.5.4

Multiply $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{32}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 34.5.4.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{32}$ .

$- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{4} + \frac{1 \sin^{3} (2 x)}{2 \cdot 24} + \frac{5 x}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{2 \cdot 32} + C$

Step 34.5.4.2

Multiply $2$ by $32$ .

$- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{4} + \frac{1 \sin^{3} (2 x)}{2 \cdot 24} + \frac{5 x}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{64} + C$

Step 34.6

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 34.6.1

Multiply $\sin^{3} (2 x)$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{4} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{2 \cdot 24} + \frac{5 x}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{64} + C$

Step 34.6.2

Multiply $2$ by $24$ .

$- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{4} + \frac{\sin^{3} (2 x)}{48} + \frac{5 x}{16} + \frac{3 \sin (4 x)}{64} + C$

Step 35

Reorder terms.

$- \frac{1}{4} \sin (2 x) + \frac{1}{48} \sin^{3} (2 x) + \frac{5}{16} x + \frac{3}{64} \sin (4 x) + C$