Calculus Examples

$y = 4 - x^{2}$ , $y = x + 2$

Step 1

Solve by substitution to find the intersection between the curves.

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Step 1.1

Eliminate the equal sides of each equation and combine.

$4 - x^{2} = x + 2$

Step 1.2

Solve $4 - x^{2} = x + 2$ for $x$ .

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Step 1.2.1

Subtract $x$ from both sides of the equation.

$4 - x^{2} - x = 2$

Step 1.2.2

Subtract $2$ from both sides of the equation.

$4 - x^{2} - x - 2 = 0$

Step 1.2.3

Subtract $2$ from $4$ .

$- x^{2} - x + 2 = 0$

Step 1.2.4

Factor the left side of the equation.

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Step 1.2.4.1

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x^{2} - x + 2$ .

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Step 1.2.4.1.1

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x^{2}$ .

$- (x^{2}) - x + 2 = 0$

Step 1.2.4.1.2

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x$ .

$- (x^{2}) - (x) + 2 = 0$

Step 1.2.4.1.3

Rewrite $2$ as $- 1 (- 2)$ .

$- (x^{2}) - (x) - 1 \cdot - 2 = 0$

Step 1.2.4.1.4

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{2}) - (x)$ .

$- (x^{2} + x) - 1 \cdot - 2 = 0$

Step 1.2.4.1.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{2} + x) - 1 (- 2)$ .

$- (x^{2} + x - 2) = 0$

Step 1.2.4.2

Factor.

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Step 1.2.4.2.1

Factor $x^{2} + x - 2$ using the AC method.

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Step 1.2.4.2.1.1

Consider the form $x^{2} + b x + c$ . Find a pair of integers whose product is $c$ and whose sum is $b$ . In this case, whose product is $- 2$ and whose sum is $1$ .

$- 1, 2 + y = x + 2$

Step 1.2.4.2.1.2

Write the factored form using these integers.

$- ((x - 1) (x + 2)) = 0$

Step 1.2.4.2.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$- (x - 1) (x + 2) = 0$

Step 1.2.5

If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to $0$ , the entire expression will be equal to $0$ .

$x - 1 = 0$

$x + 2 = 0 + y = x + 2$

Step 1.2.6

Set $x - 1$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 1.2.6.1

Set $x - 1$ equal to $0$ .

$x - 1 = 0$

Step 1.2.6.2

Add $1$ to both sides of the equation.

$x = 1$

Step 1.2.7

Set $x + 2$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 1.2.7.1

Set $x + 2$ equal to $0$ .

$x + 2 = 0$

Step 1.2.7.2

Subtract $2$ from both sides of the equation.

$x = - 2$

Step 1.2.8

The final solution is all the values that make $- (x - 1) (x + 2) = 0$ true.

$x = 1, - 2$

Step 1.3

Evaluate $y$ when $x = 1$ .

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Step 1.3.1

Substitute $1$ for $x$ .

$y = (1) + 2$

Step 1.3.2

Substitute $1$ for $x$ in $y = (1) + 2$ and solve for $y$ .

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Step 1.3.2.1

Remove parentheses.

$y = 1 + 2$

Step 1.3.2.2

Remove parentheses.

$y = (1) + 2$

Step 1.3.2.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$y = 3$

Step 1.4

Evaluate $y$ when $x = - 2$ .

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Step 1.4.1

Substitute $- 2$ for $x$ .

$y = (- 2) + 2$

Step 1.4.2

Substitute $- 2$ for $x$ in $y = (- 2) + 2$ and solve for $y$ .

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Step 1.4.2.1

Remove parentheses.

$y = - 2 + 2$

Step 1.4.2.2

Remove parentheses.

$y = (- 2) + 2$

Step 1.4.2.3

Add $- 2$ and $2$ .

$y = 0$

Step 1.5

The solution to the system is the complete set of ordered pairs that are valid solutions.

$(1, 3)$

$(- 2, 0)$

$(1, 3)$

$(- 2, 0)$

Step 2

Reorder $4$ and $- x^{2}$ .

$y = - x^{2} + 4$

Step 3

The area of the region between the curves is defined as the integral of the upper curve minus the integral of the lower curve over each region. The regions are determined by the intersection points of the curves. This can be done algebraically or graphically.

$A r e a = \int_{- 2}^{1} - x^{2} + 4 d x - \int_{- 2}^{1} x + 2 d x$

Step 4

Integrate to find the area between $- 2$ and $1$ .

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Step 4.1

Combine the integrals into a single integral.

$\int_{- 2}^{1} - x^{2} + 4 - (x + 2) d x$

Step 4.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$- x^{2} + 4 - x - 1 \cdot 2$

Step 4.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- x^{2} + 4 - x - 2$

$\int_{- 2}^{1} - x^{2} + 4 - x - 2 d x$

Step 4.3

Subtract $2$ from $4$ .

$\int_{- 2}^{1} - x^{2} - x + 2 d x$

Step 4.4

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int_{- 2}^{1} - x^{2} d x + \int_{- 2}^{1} - x d x + \int_{- 2}^{1} 2 d x$

Step 4.5

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \int_{- 2}^{1} x^{2} d x + \int_{- 2}^{1} - x d x + \int_{- 2}^{1} 2 d x$

Step 4.6

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{3} x^{3}$ .

$- (\frac{1}{3} x^{3}]_{- 2}^{1}) + \int_{- 2}^{1} - x d x + \int_{- 2}^{1} 2 d x$

Step 4.7

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $x^{3}$ .

$- (\frac{x^{3}}{3}]_{- 2}^{1}) + \int_{- 2}^{1} - x d x + \int_{- 2}^{1} 2 d x$

Step 4.8

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- (\frac{x^{3}}{3}]_{- 2}^{1}) - \int_{- 2}^{1} x d x + \int_{- 2}^{1} 2 d x$

Step 4.9

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{2} x^{2}$ .

$- (\frac{x^{3}}{3}]_{- 2}^{1}) - (\frac{1}{2} x^{2}]_{- 2}^{1}) + \int_{- 2}^{1} 2 d x$

Step 4.10

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$- (\frac{x^{3}}{3}]_{- 2}^{1}) - (\frac{x^{2}}{2}]_{- 2}^{1}) + \int_{- 2}^{1} 2 d x$

Step 4.11

Apply the constant rule.

$- (\frac{x^{3}}{3}]_{- 2}^{1}) - (\frac{x^{2}}{2}]_{- 2}^{1}) + 2 x]_{- 2}^{1}$

Step 4.12

Substitute and simplify.

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Step 4.12.1

Evaluate $\frac{x^{3}}{3}$ at $1$ and at $- 2$ .

$- ((\frac{1^{3}}{3}) - \frac{{(- 2)}^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{x^{2}}{2}]_{- 2}^{1}) + 2 x]_{- 2}^{1}$

Step 4.12.2

Evaluate $\frac{x^{2}}{2}$ at $1$ and at $- 2$ .

$- (\frac{1^{3}}{3} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + 2 x]_{- 2}^{1}$

Step 4.12.3

Evaluate $2 x$ at $1$ and at $- 2$ .

$- (\frac{1^{3}}{3} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4

Simplify.

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Step 4.12.4.1

One to any power is one.

$- (\frac{1}{3} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{3}}{3}) - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.2

Raise $- 2$ to the power of $3$ .

$- (\frac{1}{3} - \frac{- 8}{3}) - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- (\frac{1}{3} - - \frac{8}{3}) - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- (\frac{1}{3} + 1 (\frac{8}{3})) - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.5

Multiply $\frac{8}{3}$ by $1$ .

$- (\frac{1}{3} + \frac{8}{3}) - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{1 + 8}{3} - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.7

Add $1$ and $8$ .

$- \frac{9}{3} - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.8

Cancel the common factor of $9$ and $3$ .

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Step 4.12.4.8.1

Factor $3$ out of $9$ .

$- \frac{3 \cdot 3}{3} - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.8.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 4.12.4.8.2.1

Factor $3$ out of $3$ .

$- \frac{3 \cdot 3}{3 (1)} - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.8.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{3 \cdot 3}{3 \cdot 1} - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.8.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{3}{1} - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.8.2.4

Divide $3$ by $1$ .

$- 1 \cdot 3 - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.9

Multiply $- 1$ by $3$ .

$- 3 - (\frac{1^{2}}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.10

One to any power is one.

$- 3 - (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.11

Raise $- 2$ to the power of $2$ .

$- 3 - (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{4}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.12

Cancel the common factor of $4$ and $2$ .

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Step 4.12.4.12.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$- 3 - (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{2 \cdot 2}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.12.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 4.12.4.12.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$- 3 - (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{2 \cdot 2}{2 (1)}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.12.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- 3 - (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{2 \cdot 2}{2 \cdot 1}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.12.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- 3 - (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{2}{1}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.12.2.4

Divide $2$ by $1$ .

$- 3 - (\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 2) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.13

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- 3 - (\frac{1}{2} - 2) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.14

To write $- 2$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- 3 - (\frac{1}{2} - 2 \cdot \frac{2}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.15

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- 3 - (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 2 \cdot 2}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.16

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- 3 - \frac{1 - 2 \cdot 2}{2} + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.17

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.12.4.17.1

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$- 3 - \frac{1 - 4}{2} + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.17.2

Subtract $4$ from $1$ .

$- 3 - \frac{- 3}{2} + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.18

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- 3 - - \frac{3}{2} + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.19

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- 3 + 1 (\frac{3}{2}) + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.20

Multiply $\frac{3}{2}$ by $1$ .

$- 3 + \frac{3}{2} + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.21

To write $- 3$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- 3 \cdot \frac{2}{2} + \frac{3}{2} + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.22

Combine $- 3$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{- 3 \cdot 2}{2} + \frac{3}{2} + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.23

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- 3 \cdot 2 + 3}{2} + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.24

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.12.4.24.1

Multiply $- 3$ by $2$ .

$\frac{- 6 + 3}{2} + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.24.2

Add $- 6$ and $3$ .

$\frac{- 3}{2} + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.25

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{3}{2} + (2 \cdot 1) - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.26

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{3}{2} + 2 - 2 \cdot - 2$

Step 4.12.4.27

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$- \frac{3}{2} + 2 + 4$

Step 4.12.4.28

Add $2$ and $4$ .

$- \frac{3}{2} + 6$

Step 4.12.4.29

To write $6$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{3}{2} + 6 \cdot \frac{2}{2}$

Step 4.12.4.30

Combine $6$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{3}{2} + \frac{6 \cdot 2}{2}$

Step 4.12.4.31

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- 3 + 6 \cdot 2}{2}$

Step 4.12.4.32

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.12.4.32.1

Multiply $6$ by $2$ .

$\frac{- 3 + 12}{2}$

Step 4.12.4.32.2

Add $- 3$ and $12$ .

$\frac{9}{2}$

Step 5