Calculus Examples

$\int \frac{x^{2}}{x^{4} - 2 x^{2} - 8} d x$

Step 1

Write the fraction using partial fraction decomposition.

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Step 1.1

Decompose the fraction and multiply through by the common denominator.

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Step 1.1.1

Factor the fraction.

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Step 1.1.1.1

Rewrite $x^{4}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2}}{{(x^{2})}^{2} - 2 x^{2} - 8}$

Step 1.1.1.2

Let $u = x^{2}$ . Substitute $u$ for all occurrences of $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2}}{u^{2} - 2 u - 8}$

Step 1.1.1.3

Factor $u^{2} - 2 u - 8$ using the AC method.

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Step 1.1.1.3.1

Consider the form $x^{2} + b x + c$ . Find a pair of integers whose product is $c$ and whose sum is $b$ . In this case, whose product is $- 8$ and whose sum is $- 2$ .

$- 4, 2$

Step 1.1.1.3.2

Write the factored form using these integers.

$\frac{x^{2}}{(u - 4) (u + 2)}$

Step 1.1.1.4

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2}}{(x^{2} - 4) (x^{2} + 2)}$

Step 1.1.1.5

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2}}{(x^{2} - 2^{2}) (x^{2} + 2)}$

Step 1.1.1.6

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 2$ .

$\frac{x^{2}}{(x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}$

Step 1.1.2

For each factor in the denominator, create a new fraction using the factor as the denominator, and an unknown value as the numerator. Since the factor in the denominator is linear, put a single variable in its place $A$ .

$\frac{A}{x + 2}$

Step 1.1.3

$\frac{A}{x + 2} + \frac{B}{x - 2}$

Step 1.1.4

For each factor in the denominator, create a new fraction using the factor as the denominator, and an unknown value as the numerator. Since the factor is 2nd order, $2$ terms are required in the numerator. The number of terms required in the numerator is always equal to the order of the factor in the denominator.

$\frac{A}{x + 2} + \frac{B}{x - 2} + \frac{C x + D}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.5

Multiply each fraction in the equation by the denominator of the original expression. In this case, the denominator is $(x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{(x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)} = \frac{(A) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x + 2} + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.6

Cancel the common factor of $x + 2$ .

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Step 1.1.6.1

Cancel the common factor.

Step 1.1.6.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(x^{2} (x - 2)) (x^{2} + 2)}{(x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)} = \frac{(A) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x + 2} + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.7

Cancel the common factor of $x - 2$ .

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Step 1.1.7.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x^{2} (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{(x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)} = \frac{(A) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x + 2} + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.7.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(x^{2}) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2} = \frac{(A) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x + 2} + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.8

Cancel the common factor of $x^{2} + 2$ .

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Step 1.1.8.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x^{2} (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2} = \frac{(A) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x + 2} + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.8.2

Divide $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = \frac{(A) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x + 2} + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.1.9.1

Cancel the common factor of $x + 2$ .

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Step 1.1.9.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$x^{2} = \frac{A (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x + 2} + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.1.2

Divide $((A) (x - 2)) (x^{2} + 2)$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = ((A) (x - 2)) (x^{2} + 2) + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.2

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = (A x + A \cdot - 2) (x^{2} + 2) + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.3

Move $- 2$ to the left of $A$ .

$x^{2} = (A x - 2 \cdot A) (x^{2} + 2) + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.4

Expand $(A x - 2 A) (x^{2} + 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 1.1.9.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x (x^{2} + 2) - 2 A (x^{2} + 2) + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x \cdot x^{2} + A x \cdot 2 - 2 A (x^{2} + 2) + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.4.3

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x \cdot x^{2} + A x \cdot 2 - 2 A x^{2} - 2 A \cdot 2 + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.1.9.5.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.1.9.5.1.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A (x^{2} x) + A x \cdot 2 - 2 A x^{2} - 2 A \cdot 2 + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.5.1.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 1.1.9.5.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} = A (x^{2} x) + A x \cdot 2 - 2 A x^{2} - 2 A \cdot 2 + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.5.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{2} = A x^{2 + 1} + A x \cdot 2 - 2 A x^{2} - 2 A \cdot 2 + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.5.1.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + A x \cdot 2 - 2 A x^{2} - 2 A \cdot 2 + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.5.2

Move $2$ to the left of $A x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 \cdot (A x) - 2 A x^{2} - 2 A \cdot 2 + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.5.3

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.6

Cancel the common factor of $x - 2$ .

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Step 1.1.9.6.1

Cancel the common factor.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + \frac{(B) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x - 2} + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.6.2

Divide $(B) (x + 2) (x^{2} + 2)$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + (B) (x + 2) (x^{2} + 2) + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.7

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + (B x + B \cdot 2) (x^{2} + 2) + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.8

Move $2$ to the left of $B$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + (B x + 2 \cdot B) (x^{2} + 2) + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.9

Expand $(B x + 2 B) (x^{2} + 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 1.1.9.9.1

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x (x^{2} + 2) + 2 B (x^{2} + 2) + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.9.2

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x \cdot x^{2} + B x \cdot 2 + 2 B (x^{2} + 2) + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.9.3

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x \cdot x^{2} + B x \cdot 2 + 2 B x^{2} + 2 B \cdot 2 + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.10

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.1.9.10.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.1.9.10.1.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B (x^{2} x) + B x \cdot 2 + 2 B x^{2} + 2 B \cdot 2 + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.10.1.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 1.1.9.10.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B (x^{2} x) + B x \cdot 2 + 2 B x^{2} + 2 B \cdot 2 + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.10.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{2 + 1} + B x \cdot 2 + 2 B x^{2} + 2 B \cdot 2 + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.10.1.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + B x \cdot 2 + 2 B x^{2} + 2 B \cdot 2 + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.10.2

Move $2$ to the left of $B x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 \cdot (B x) + 2 B x^{2} + 2 B \cdot 2 + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.10.3

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.11

Cancel the common factor of $x^{2} + 2$ .

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Step 1.1.9.11.1

Cancel the common factor.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + \frac{(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.1.9.11.2

Divide $(C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2)$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + (C x + D) (x + 2) (x - 2)$

Step 1.1.9.12

Expand $(C x + D) (x + 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 1.1.9.12.1

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + (C x (x + 2) + D (x + 2)) (x - 2)$

Step 1.1.9.12.2

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + (C x \cdot x + C x \cdot 2 + D (x + 2)) (x - 2)$

Step 1.1.9.12.3

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + (C x \cdot x + C x \cdot 2 + D x + D \cdot 2) (x - 2)$

Step 1.1.9.13

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.1.9.13.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.1.9.13.1.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + (C (x \cdot x) + C x \cdot 2 + D x + D \cdot 2) (x - 2)$

Step 1.1.9.13.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + (C x^{2} + C x \cdot 2 + D x + D \cdot 2) (x - 2)$

Step 1.1.9.13.2

Move $2$ to the left of $C x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + (C x^{2} + 2 \cdot (C x) + D x + D \cdot 2) (x - 2)$

Step 1.1.9.13.3

Move $2$ to the left of $D$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + (C x^{2} + 2 C x + D x + 2 D) (x - 2)$

Step 1.1.9.14

Expand $(C x^{2} + 2 C x + D x + 2 D) (x - 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{2} x + C x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 C x \cdot x + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x + D x \cdot - 2 + 2 D x + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.15

Combine the opposite terms in $C x^{2} x + C x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 C x \cdot x + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x + D x \cdot - 2 + 2 D x + 2 D \cdot - 2$ .

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Step 1.1.9.15.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $D x \cdot - 2$ and $2 D x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{2} x + C x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 C x \cdot x + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x - 2 D x + 2 D x + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.15.2

Add $- 2 D x$ and $2 D x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{2} x + C x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 C x \cdot x + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x + 0 + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.15.3

Add $C x^{2} x + C x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 C x \cdot x + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x$ and $0$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{2} x + C x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 C x \cdot x + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.16

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.1.9.16.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.1.9.16.1.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C (x \cdot x^{2}) + C x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 C x \cdot x + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.16.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.1.9.16.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C (x \cdot x^{2}) + C x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 C x \cdot x + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.16.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{1 + 2} + C x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 C x \cdot x + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.16.1.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} + C x^{2} \cdot - 2 + 2 C x \cdot x + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.16.2

Move $- 2$ to the left of $C x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 2 \cdot (C x^{2}) + 2 C x \cdot x + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.16.3

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.1.9.16.3.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 2 C x^{2} + 2 C (x \cdot x) + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.16.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 2 C x^{2} + 2 C x^{2} + 2 C x \cdot - 2 + D x \cdot x + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.16.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 2 C x^{2} + 2 C x^{2} - 4 C x + D x \cdot x + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.16.5

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.1.9.16.5.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 2 C x^{2} + 2 C x^{2} - 4 C x + D (x \cdot x) + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.16.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 2 C x^{2} + 2 C x^{2} - 4 C x + D x^{2} + 2 D \cdot - 2$

Step 1.1.9.16.6

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 2 C x^{2} + 2 C x^{2} - 4 C x + D x^{2} - 4 D$

Step 1.1.9.17

Combine the opposite terms in $C x^{3} - 2 C x^{2} + 2 C x^{2} - 4 C x + D x^{2} - 4 D$ .

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Step 1.1.9.17.1

Add $- 2 C x^{2}$ and $2 C x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} + 0 - 4 C x + D x^{2} - 4 D$

Step 1.1.9.17.2

Add $C x^{3}$ and $0$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 A x - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 4 C x + D x^{2} - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10

Simplify the expression.

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Step 1.1.10.1

Move $A$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 x A - 2 A x^{2} - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 4 C x + D x^{2} - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10.2

Move $A$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 x A - 2 x^{2} A - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 4 C x + D x^{2} - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10.3

Reorder $B$ and $x^{3}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 x A - 2 x^{2} A - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 B x + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 4 C x + D x^{2} - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10.4

Move $B$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 x A - 2 x^{2} A - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 x B + 2 B x^{2} + 4 B + C x^{3} - 4 C x + D x^{2} - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10.5

Move $B$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 x A - 2 x^{2} A - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 x B + 2 x^{2} B + 4 B + C x^{3} - 4 C x + D x^{2} - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10.6

Move $4 B$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 x A - 2 x^{2} A - 4 A + B x^{3} + 2 x B + 2 x^{2} B + C x^{3} - 4 C x + D x^{2} + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10.7

Move $- 4 A$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 x A - 2 x^{2} A + B x^{3} + 2 x B + 2 x^{2} B + C x^{3} - 4 C x + D x^{2} - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10.8

Move $- 4 C x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 x A - 2 x^{2} A + B x^{3} + 2 x B + 2 x^{2} B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} - 4 C x - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10.9

Move $2 x B$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + 2 x A - 2 x^{2} A + B x^{3} + 2 x^{2} B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + 2 x B - 4 C x - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10.10

Move $2 x A$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} - 2 x^{2} A + B x^{3} + 2 x^{2} B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + 2 x A + 2 x B - 4 C x - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10.11

Move $2 x^{2} B$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} - 2 x^{2} A + B x^{3} + C x^{3} + 2 x^{2} B + D x^{2} + 2 x A + 2 x B - 4 C x - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.1.10.12

Move $- 2 x^{2} A$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{3} + B x^{3} + C x^{3} - 2 x^{2} A + 2 x^{2} B + D x^{2} + 2 x A + 2 x B - 4 C x - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.2

Create equations for the partial fraction variables and use them to set up a system of equations.

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Step 1.2.1

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x^{3}$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = A + B + C$

Step 1.2.2

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x^{2}$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$1 = - 2 A + 2 B + D$

Step 1.2.3

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

Step 1.2.4

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of the terms not containing $x$ . For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.2.5

Set up the system of equations to find the coefficients of the partial fractions.

$0 = A + B + C$

$1 = - 2 A + 2 B + D$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

$0 = A + B + C$

$1 = - 2 A + 2 B + D$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3

Solve the system of equations.

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Step 1.3.1

Solve for $A$ in $0 = A + B + C$ .

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Step 1.3.1.1

Rewrite the equation as $A + B + C = 0$ .

$A + B + C = 0$

$1 = - 2 A + 2 B + D$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.1.2

Move all terms not containing $A$ to the right side of the equation.

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Step 1.3.1.2.1

Subtract $B$ from both sides of the equation.

$A + C = - B$

$1 = - 2 A + 2 B + D$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.1.2.2

Subtract $C$ from both sides of the equation.

$A = - B - C$

$1 = - 2 A + 2 B + D$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

$A = - B - C$

$1 = - 2 A + 2 B + D$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

$A = - B - C$

$1 = - 2 A + 2 B + D$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2

Replace all occurrences of $A$ with $- B - C$ in each equation.

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Step 1.3.2.1

Replace all occurrences of $A$ in $1 = - 2 A + 2 B + D$ with $- B - C$ .

$1 = - 2 (- B - C) + 2 B + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.2

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.3.2.2.1

Simplify $- 2 (- B - C) + 2 B + D$ .

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Step 1.3.2.2.1.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.3.2.2.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$1 = - 2 (- B) - 2 (- C) + 2 B + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.2.1.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$1 = 2 B - 2 (- C) + 2 B + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.2.1.1.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$1 = 2 B + 2 C + 2 B + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

$1 = 2 B + 2 C + 2 B + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.2.1.2

Add $2 B$ and $2 B$ .

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $A$ in $0 = 2 A + 2 B - 4 C$ with $- B - C$ .

$0 = 2 (- B - C) + 2 B - 4 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.4

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.3.2.4.1

Simplify $2 (- B - C) + 2 B - 4 C$ .

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Step 1.3.2.4.1.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.3.2.4.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$0 = 2 (- B) + 2 (- C) + 2 B - 4 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.4.1.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$0 = - 2 B + 2 (- C) + 2 B - 4 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.4.1.1.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$0 = - 2 B - 2 C + 2 B - 4 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

$0 = - 2 B - 2 C + 2 B - 4 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.4.1.2

Simplify by adding terms.

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Step 1.3.2.4.1.2.1

Combine the opposite terms in $- 2 B - 2 C + 2 B - 4 C$ .

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Step 1.3.2.4.1.2.1.1

Add $- 2 B$ and $2 B$ .

$0 = - 2 C + 0 - 4 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.4.1.2.1.2

Add $- 2 C$ and $0$ .

$0 = - 2 C - 4 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

$0 = - 2 C - 4 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.4.1.2.2

Subtract $4 C$ from $- 2 C$ .

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$

Step 1.3.2.5

Replace all occurrences of $A$ in $0 = - 4 A + 4 B - 4 D$ with $- B - C$ .

$0 = - 4 (- B - C) + 4 B - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.2.6

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.3.2.6.1

Simplify $- 4 (- B - C) + 4 B - 4 D$ .

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Step 1.3.2.6.1.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.3.2.6.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$0 = - 4 (- B) - 4 (- C) + 4 B - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.2.6.1.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 4$ .

$0 = 4 B - 4 (- C) + 4 B - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.2.6.1.1.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 4$ .

$0 = 4 B + 4 C + 4 B - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 4 B + 4 C + 4 B - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.2.6.1.2

Add $4 B$ and $4 B$ .

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$0 = - 6 C$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.3

Solve for $C$ in $0 = - 6 C$ .

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Step 1.3.3.1

Rewrite the equation as $- 6 C = 0$ .

$- 6 C = 0$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.3.2

Divide each term in $- 6 C = 0$ by $- 6$ and simplify.

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Step 1.3.3.2.1

Divide each term in $- 6 C = 0$ by $- 6$ .

$\frac{- 6 C}{- 6} = \frac{0}{- 6}$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.3.2.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 1.3.3.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 6$ .

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Step 1.3.3.2.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- 6 C}{- 6} = \frac{0}{- 6}$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.3.2.2.1.2

Divide $C$ by $1$ .

$C = \frac{0}{- 6}$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$C = \frac{0}{- 6}$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$C = \frac{0}{- 6}$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.3.2.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.3.3.2.3.1

Divide $0$ by $- 6$ .

$C = 0$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$C = 0$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$C = 0$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$C = 0$

$0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.4

Replace all occurrences of $C$ with $0$ in each equation.

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Step 1.3.4.1

Replace all occurrences of $C$ in $0 = 8 B + 4 C - 4 D$ with $0$ .

$0 = 8 B + 4 (0) - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.4.2

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.3.4.2.1

Simplify $8 B + 4 (0) - 4 D$ .

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Step 1.3.4.2.1.1

Multiply $4$ by $0$ .

$0 = 8 B + 0 - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.4.2.1.2

Add $8 B$ and $0$ .

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.4.3

Replace all occurrences of $C$ in $1 = 4 B + 2 C + D$ with $0$ .

$1 = 4 B + 2 (0) + D$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.4.4

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.3.4.4.1

Simplify $4 B + 2 (0) + D$ .

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Step 1.3.4.4.1.1

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$1 = 4 B + 0 + D$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.4.4.1.2

Add $4 B$ and $0$ .

$1 = 4 B + D$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$A = - B - C$

$1 = 4 B + D$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$A = - B - C$

$1 = 4 B + D$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$A = - B - C$

Step 1.3.4.5

Replace all occurrences of $C$ in $A = - B - C$ with $0$ .

$A = - B - (0)$

$1 = 4 B + D$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.4.6

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.3.4.6.1

Subtract $0$ from $- B$ .

$A = - B$

$1 = 4 B + D$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$A = - B$

$1 = 4 B + D$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$A = - B$

$1 = 4 B + D$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.5

Solve for $D$ in $1 = 4 B + D$ .

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Step 1.3.5.1

Rewrite the equation as $4 B + D = 1$ .

$4 B + D = 1$

$A = - B$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.5.2

Subtract $4 B$ from both sides of the equation.

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$0 = 8 B - 4 D$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.6

Replace all occurrences of $D$ with $1 - 4 B$ in each equation.

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Step 1.3.6.1

Replace all occurrences of $D$ in $0 = 8 B - 4 D$ with $1 - 4 B$ .

$0 = 8 B - 4 (1 - 4 B)$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.6.2

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.3.6.2.1

Simplify $8 B - 4 (1 - 4 B)$ .

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Step 1.3.6.2.1.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.3.6.2.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$0 = 8 B - 4 \cdot 1 - 4 (- 4 B)$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.6.2.1.1.2

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$0 = 8 B - 4 - 4 (- 4 B)$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.6.2.1.1.3

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 4$ .

$0 = 8 B - 4 + 16 B$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$0 = 8 B - 4 + 16 B$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.6.2.1.2

Add $8 B$ and $16 B$ .

$0 = 24 B - 4$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$0 = 24 B - 4$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$0 = 24 B - 4$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$0 = 24 B - 4$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.7

Solve for $B$ in $0 = 24 B - 4$ .

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Step 1.3.7.1

Rewrite the equation as $24 B - 4 = 0$ .

$24 B - 4 = 0$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.7.2

Add $4$ to both sides of the equation.

$24 B = 4$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.7.3

Divide each term in $24 B = 4$ by $24$ and simplify.

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Step 1.3.7.3.1

Divide each term in $24 B = 4$ by $24$ .

$\frac{24 B}{24} = \frac{4}{24}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.7.3.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 1.3.7.3.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $24$ .

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Step 1.3.7.3.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{24 B}{24} = \frac{4}{24}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.7.3.2.1.2

Divide $B$ by $1$ .

$B = \frac{4}{24}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$B = \frac{4}{24}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$B = \frac{4}{24}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.7.3.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.3.7.3.3.1

Cancel the common factor of $4$ and $24$ .

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Step 1.3.7.3.3.1.1

Factor $4$ out of $4$ .

$B = \frac{4 (1)}{24}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.7.3.3.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.3.7.3.3.1.2.1

Factor $4$ out of $24$ .

$B = \frac{4 \cdot 1}{4 \cdot 6}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.7.3.3.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$B = \frac{4 \cdot 1}{4 \cdot 6}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.7.3.3.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$D = 1 - 4 B$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8

Replace all occurrences of $B$ with $\frac{1}{6}$ in each equation.

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Step 1.3.8.1

Replace all occurrences of $B$ in $D = 1 - 4 B$ with $\frac{1}{6}$ .

$D = 1 - 4 (\frac{1}{6})$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8.2

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.3.8.2.1

Simplify $1 - 4 (\frac{1}{6})$ .

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Step 1.3.8.2.1.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.3.8.2.1.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 1.3.8.2.1.1.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 4$ .

$D = 1 + 2 (- 2) (\frac{1}{6})$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8.2.1.1.1.2

Factor $2$ out of $6$ .

$D = 1 + 2 \cdot (- 2 \frac{1}{2 \cdot 3})$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8.2.1.1.1.3

Cancel the common factor.

$D = 1 + 2 \cdot (- 2 \frac{1}{2 \cdot 3})$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8.2.1.1.1.4

Rewrite the expression.

$D = 1 - 2 (\frac{1}{3})$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$D = 1 - 2 (\frac{1}{3})$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8.2.1.1.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{1}{3}$ .

$D = 1 + \frac{- 2}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8.2.1.1.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$D = 1 - \frac{2}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$D = 1 - \frac{2}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8.2.1.2

Simplify the expression.

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Step 1.3.8.2.1.2.1

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$D = \frac{3}{3} - \frac{2}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8.2.1.2.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$D = \frac{3 - 2}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8.2.1.2.3

Subtract $2$ from $3$ .

$D = \frac{1}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$D = \frac{1}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$D = \frac{1}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

$D = \frac{1}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$A = - B$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8.3

Replace all occurrences of $B$ in $A = - B$ with $\frac{1}{6}$ .

$A = - (\frac{1}{6})$

$D = \frac{1}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.8.4

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.3.8.4.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $\frac{1}{6}$ .

$A = - \frac{1}{6}$

$D = \frac{1}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$C = 0$

$A = - \frac{1}{6}$

$D = \frac{1}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$C = 0$

$A = - \frac{1}{6}$

$D = \frac{1}{3}$

$B = \frac{1}{6}$

$C = 0$

Step 1.3.9

List all of the solutions.

$A = - \frac{1}{6}, D = \frac{1}{3}, B = \frac{1}{6}, C = 0$

Step 1.4

Replace each of the partial fraction coefficients in $\frac{A}{x + 2} + \frac{B}{x - 2} + \frac{C x + D}{x^{2} + 2}$ with the values found for $A$ , $B$ , $C$ , and $D$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{0 x + \frac{1}{3}}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.5

Simplify.

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Step 1.5.1

Multiply the numerator and denominator of the fraction by $3$ .

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Step 1.5.1.1

Multiply $\frac{0 \cdot x + \frac{1}{3}}{x^{2} + 2}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{3}{3} \cdot \frac{0 \cdot x + \frac{1}{3}}{x^{2} + 2}$

Step 1.5.1.2

Combine.

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{3 (0 \cdot x + \frac{1}{3})}{3 (x^{2} + 2)}$

Step 1.5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{3 (0 \cdot x) + 3 (\frac{1}{3})}{3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.5.3

Cancel the common factor of $3$ .

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Step 1.5.3.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{3 (0 \cdot x) + 3 (\frac{1}{3})}{3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.5.3.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{3 (0 \cdot x) + 1}{3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.5.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.5.4.1

Multiply $3$ by $0$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{0 \cdot x + 1}{3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.5.4.2

Multiply $0$ by $x$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{0 + 1}{3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.5.4.3

Add $0$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{1}{3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.5.5

Factor $3$ out of $3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 2$ .

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Step 1.5.5.1

Factor $3$ out of $3 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{1}{3 (x^{2}) + 3 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.5.5.2

Factor $3$ out of $3 \cdot 2$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{1}{3 (x^{2}) + 3 (2)}$

Step 1.5.5.3

Factor $3$ out of $3 (x^{2}) + 3 (2)$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{6}}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)}$

Step 1.5.6

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$- \frac{1}{6} \cdot \frac{1}{x + 2} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)}$

Step 1.5.7

Multiply $\frac{1}{x + 2}$ by $\frac{1}{6}$ .

$- \frac{1}{(x + 2) \cdot 6} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)}$

Step 1.5.8

Move $6$ to the left of $x + 2$ .

$- \frac{1}{6 (x + 2)} + \frac{\frac{1}{6}}{x - 2} + \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)}$

Step 1.5.9

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$- \frac{1}{6 (x + 2)} + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \frac{1}{x - 2} + \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)}$

Step 1.5.10

Multiply $\frac{1}{6}$ by $\frac{1}{x - 2}$ .

$\int - \frac{1}{6 (x + 2)} + \frac{1}{6 (x - 2)} + \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)} d x$

Step 2

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int - \frac{1}{6 (x + 2)} d x + \int \frac{1}{6 (x - 2)} d x + \int \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)} d x$

Step 3

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \int \frac{1}{6 (x + 2)} d x + \int \frac{1}{6 (x - 2)} d x + \int \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)} d x$

Step 4

Since $\frac{1}{6}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $\frac{1}{6}$ out of the integral.

$- (\frac{1}{6} \int \frac{1}{x + 2} d x) + \int \frac{1}{6 (x - 2)} d x + \int \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)} d x$

Step 5

Let $u_{1} = x + 2$ . Then $d u_{1} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Step 5.1

Let $u_{1} = x + 2$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d x}$ .

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Step 5.1.1

Differentiate $x + 2$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x + 2]$

Step 5.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x + 2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [2]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [2]$

Step 5.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1 + \frac{d}{d x} [2]$

Step 5.1.4

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$1 + 0$

Step 5.1.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$1$

Step 5.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ and $d u_{1}$ .

$- \frac{1}{6} \int \frac{1}{u_{1}} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{6 (x - 2)} d x + \int \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)} d x$

Step 6

The integral of $\frac{1}{u_{1}}$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\ln (| u_{1} |)$ .

$- \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{1} |) + C) + \int \frac{1}{6 (x - 2)} d x + \int \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)} d x$

Step 7

Since $\frac{1}{6}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $\frac{1}{6}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{1} |) + C) + \frac{1}{6} \int \frac{1}{x - 2} d x + \int \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)} d x$

Step 8

Let $u_{2} = x - 2$ . Then $d u_{2} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 8.1

Let $u_{2} = x - 2$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d x}$ .

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Step 8.1.1

Differentiate $x - 2$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x - 2]$

Step 8.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]$

Step 8.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]$

Step 8.1.4

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$1 + 0$

Step 8.1.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$1$

Step 8.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ and $d u_{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{1} |) + C) + \frac{1}{6} \int \frac{1}{u_{2}} d u_{2} + \int \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)} d x$

Step 9

The integral of $\frac{1}{u_{2}}$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\ln (| u_{2} |)$ .

$- \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{1} |) + C) + \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{2} |) + C) + \int \frac{1}{3 (x^{2} + 2)} d x$

Step 10

Since $\frac{1}{3}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $\frac{1}{3}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{1} |) + C) + \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{2} |) + C) + \frac{1}{3} \int \frac{1}{x^{2} + 2} d x$

Step 11

Reorder $x^{2}$ and $2$ .

$- \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{1} |) + C) + \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{2} |) + C) + \frac{1}{3} \int \frac{1}{2 + x^{2}} d x$

Step 12

Rewrite $2$ as ${\sqrt{2}}^{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{1} |) + C) + \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{2} |) + C) + \frac{1}{3} \int \frac{1}{{\sqrt{2}}^{2} + x^{2}} d x$

Step 13

The integral of $\frac{1}{{\sqrt{2}}^{2} + x^{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \arctan (\frac{x}{\sqrt{2}}) + C$ .

$- \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{1} |) + C) + \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{2} |) + C) + \frac{1}{3} (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \arctan (\frac{x}{\sqrt{2}}) + C)$

Step 14

Simplify.

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Step 14.1

Combine $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$ and $\arctan (\frac{x}{\sqrt{2}})$ .

$- \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{1} |) + C) + \frac{1}{6} (\ln (| u_{2} |) + C) + \frac{1}{3} (\frac{\arctan (\frac{x}{\sqrt{2}})}{\sqrt{2}} + C)$

Step 14.2

Simplify.

$- \frac{1}{6} \ln (| u_{1} |) + \frac{1}{6} \ln (| u_{2} |) + \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \arctan (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} x) + C$

Step 14.3

Multiply $\frac{1}{3}$ by $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{6} \ln (| u_{1} |) + \frac{1}{6} \ln (| u_{2} |) + \frac{1}{3 \sqrt{2}} \arctan (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} x) + C$

Step 15

Substitute back in for each integration substitution variable.

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Step 15.1

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x + 2$ .

$- \frac{1}{6} \ln (| x + 2 |) + \frac{1}{6} \ln (| u_{2} |) + \frac{1}{3 \sqrt{2}} \arctan (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} x) + C$

Step 15.2

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $x - 2$ .

$- \frac{1}{6} \ln (| x + 2 |) + \frac{1}{6} \ln (| x - 2 |) + \frac{1}{3 \sqrt{2}} \arctan (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} x) + C$