Calculus Examples

$\int_{0}^{1} x e^{x^{2}} d x$

Step 1

Let $u_{2} = e^{x^{2}}$ . Then $d u_{2} = 2 x e^{x^{2}} d x$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{2} = x e^{x^{2}} d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 1.1

Let $u_{2} = e^{x^{2}}$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $e^{x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [e^{x^{2}}]$

Step 1.1.2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = e^{x}$ and $g (x) = x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.1.2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [e^{u_{1}}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$

Step 1.1.2.2

Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [a^{u_{1}}]$ is $a^{u_{1}} \ln (a)$ where $a$ = $e$ .

$e^{u_{1}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$

Step 1.1.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x^{2}$ .

$e^{x^{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$

Step 1.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$e^{x^{2}} (2 x)$

Step 1.1.4

Simplify.

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Step 1.1.4.1

Reorder the factors of $e^{x^{2}} (2 x)$ .

$2 e^{x^{2}} x$

Step 1.1.4.2

Reorder factors in $2 e^{x^{2}} x$ .

$2 x e^{x^{2}}$

Step 1.2

Substitute the lower limit in for $x$ in $u_{2} = e^{x^{2}}$ .

$u_{lower} = e^{0^{2}}$

Step 1.3

Simplify.

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Step 1.3.1

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$u_{lower} = e^{0}$

Step 1.3.2

Anything raised to $0$ is $1$ .

$u_{lower} = 1$

Step 1.4

Substitute the upper limit in for $x$ in $u_{2} = e^{x^{2}}$ .

$u_{upper} = e^{1^{2}}$

Step 1.5

Simplify.

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Step 1.5.1

One to any power is one.

$u_{upper} = e^{1}$

Step 1.5.2

Simplify.

$u_{upper} = e$

Step 1.6

The values found for $u_{lower}$ and $u_{upper}$ will be used to evaluate the definite integral.

$u_{lower} = 1$

$u_{upper} = e$

Step 1.7

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ , $d u_{2}$ , and the new limits of integration.

$\int_{1}^{e} \frac{1}{2} d u_{2}$

Step 2

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{2} u_{2}]_{1}^{e}$

Step 3

Substitute and simplify.

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Step 3.1

Evaluate $\frac{1}{2} u_{2}$ at $e$ and at $1$ .

$(\frac{1}{2} e) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1$

Step 3.2

Simplify.

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Step 3.2.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $e$ .

$\frac{e}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1$

Step 3.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{e}{2} - \frac{1}{2}$

Step 4

The result can be shown in multiple forms.

Exact Form:

$\frac{e}{2} - \frac{1}{2}$

Decimal Form:

$0.85914091 \dots$

Step 5