Calculus Examples

$y = {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}$

Step 1

Rewrite ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ as $(x + 1) (x + 1)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x + 1) (x + 1) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}]$

Step 2

Expand $(x + 1) (x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x (x + 1) + 1 (x + 1)) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}]$

Step 2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 + 1 (x + 1)) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}]$

Step 2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}]$

Step 3

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} + x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}]$

Step 3.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} + x + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}]$

Step 3.1.3

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} + x + x + 1 \cdot 1) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}]$

Step 3.1.4

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} + x + x + 1) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}]$

Step 3.2

Add $x$ and $x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}]$

Step 4

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ and $g (x) = {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3}] + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 2 x + 1]$

Step 5

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{- 3}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 1$ .

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Step 5.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} + 1$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{- 3}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 2 x + 1]$

Step 5.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 3$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 3 u^{- 4} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 2 x + 1]$

Step 5.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} + 1$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 3 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 2 x + 1]$

Step 6

Differentiate.

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Step 6.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 3 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 2 x + 1]$

Step 6.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 3 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [1])) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 2 x + 1]$

Step 6.3

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 3 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} (2 x + 0)) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 2 x + 1]$

Step 6.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 6.4.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 3 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} (2 x)) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 2 x + 1]$

Step 6.4.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 3$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 2 x + 1]$

Step 6.5

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 6.6

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 6.7

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} (2 x + 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 6.8

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} (2 x + 2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 6.9

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} (2 x + 2 + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 6.10

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} (2 x + 2 + 0)$

Step 6.11

Add $2 x + 2$ and $0$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 6 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 4} x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} (2 x + 2)$

Step 7

Simplify.

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Step 7.1

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 6 \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- 3} (2 x + 2)$

Step 7.2

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- 6 \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} x) + \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}} (2 x + 2)$

Step 7.3

Combine terms.

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Step 7.3.1

Combine $- 6$ and $\frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (\frac{- 6}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} x) + \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}} (2 x + 2)$

Step 7.3.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- \frac{6}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} x) + \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}} (2 x + 2)$

Step 7.3.3

Combine $x$ and $\frac{6}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- \frac{x \cdot 6}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}) + \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}} (2 x + 2)$

Step 7.3.4

Move $6$ to the left of $x$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- \frac{6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}) + \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}} (2 x + 2)$

Step 7.4

Reorder terms.

$- (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 7.5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$(- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) \frac{6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.2

Simplify.

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Step 7.5.2.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$(- x^{2} - 2 x - 1 \cdot 1) \frac{6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$(- x^{2} - 2 x - 1) \frac{6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.3

Multiply $- x^{2} - 2 x - 1$ by $\frac{6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$ .

$\frac{(- x^{2} - 2 x - 1) (6 x)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.5.4.1

Factor by grouping.

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Step 7.5.4.1.1

For a polynomial of the form $a x^{2} + b x + c$ , rewrite the middle term as a sum of two terms whose product is $a \cdot c = - 1 \cdot - 1 = 1$ and whose sum is $b = - 2$ .

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Step 7.5.4.1.1.1

Factor $- 2$ out of $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{(- x^{2} - 2 (x) - 1) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.1.1.2

Rewrite $- 2$ as $- 1$ plus $- 1$

$\frac{(- x^{2} + (- 1 - 1) x - 1) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.1.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(- x^{2} - 1 x - 1 x - 1) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.1.2

Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.

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Step 7.5.4.1.2.1

Group the first two terms and the last two terms.

$\frac{((- x^{2} - 1 x) - 1 x - 1) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.1.2.2

Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.

$\frac{(x (- x - 1) + 1 (- x - 1)) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.1.3

Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, $- x - 1$ .

$\frac{(- x - 1) (x + 1) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.2

Combine exponents.

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Step 7.5.4.2.1

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x$ .

$\frac{(- (x) - 1) (x + 1) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.2.2

Rewrite $- 1$ as $- 1 (1)$ .

$\frac{(- (x) - 1 (1)) (x + 1) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.2.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x) - 1 (1)$ .

$\frac{- (x + 1) (x + 1) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.2.4

Rewrite $- (x + 1)$ as $- 1 (x + 1)$ .

$\frac{- 1 (x + 1) (x + 1) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.2.5

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- 1 ({(x + 1)}^{1} (x + 1)) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.2.6

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- 1 ({(x + 1)}^{1} {(x + 1)}^{1}) \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.2.7

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- 1 {(x + 1)}^{1 + 1} \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.2.8

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- 1 {(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot 6 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.4.2.9

Multiply $6$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- 6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.5

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + (2 x + 2) \frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.6

Multiply $2 x + 2$ by $\frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$ .

$- \frac{6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + \frac{2 x + 2}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.7

Factor $2$ out of $2 x + 2$ .

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Step 7.5.7.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x$ .

$- \frac{6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + \frac{2 (x) + 2}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.7.2

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$- \frac{6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + \frac{2 (x) + 2 (1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.5.7.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x) + 2 (1)$ .

$- \frac{6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + \frac{2 (x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 7.6

To write $\frac{2 (x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x^{2} + 1}{x^{2} + 1}$ .

$- \frac{6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + \frac{2 (x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 1}{x^{2} + 1}$

Step 7.7

Write each expression with a common denominator of ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 7.7.1

Multiply $\frac{2 (x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}$ by $\frac{x^{2} + 1}{x^{2} + 1}$ .

$- \frac{6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + \frac{2 (x + 1) (x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (x^{2} + 1)}$

Step 7.7.2

Multiply ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}$ by $x^{2} + 1$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 7.7.2.1

Multiply ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}$ by $x^{2} + 1$ .

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Step 7.7.2.1.1

Raise $x^{2} + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + \frac{2 (x + 1) (x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{1}}$

Step 7.7.2.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + \frac{2 (x + 1) (x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3 + 1}}$

Step 7.7.2.2

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}} + \frac{2 (x + 1) (x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.8

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- 6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x + 2 (x + 1) (x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.9

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.9.1

Factor $2 (x + 1)$ out of $- 6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x + 2 (x + 1) (x^{2} + 1)$ .

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Step 7.9.1.1

Factor $2 (x + 1)$ out of $- 6 {(x + 1)}^{2} x$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- 3 (x + 1) x) + 2 (x + 1) (x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.9.1.2

Factor $2 (x + 1)$ out of $2 (x + 1) (- 3 (x + 1) x) + 2 (x + 1) (x^{2} + 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- 3 (x + 1) x + x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.9.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (x + 1) ((- 3 x - 3 \cdot 1) x + x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.9.3

Multiply $- 3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) ((- 3 x - 3) x + x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.9.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- 3 x \cdot x - 3 x + x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.9.5

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 7.9.5.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- 3 (x \cdot x) - 3 x + x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.9.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- 3 x^{2} - 3 x + x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.9.6

Add $- 3 x^{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- 2 x^{2} - 3 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.10

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- (2 x^{2}) - 3 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.11

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 3 x$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- (2 x^{2}) - (3 x) + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.12

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (2 x^{2}) - (3 x)$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- (2 x^{2} + 3 x) + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.13

Rewrite $1$ as $- 1 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- (2 x^{2} + 3 x) - 1 (- 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.14

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (2 x^{2} + 3 x) - 1 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- (2 x^{2} + 3 x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.15

Rewrite $- (2 x^{2} + 3 x - 1)$ as $- 1 (2 x^{2} + 3 x - 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (x + 1) (- 1 (2 x^{2} + 3 x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.16

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{(2 (x + 1)) (2 x^{2} + 3 x - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 7.17

Reorder factors in $- \frac{(2 (x + 1)) (2 x^{2} + 3 x - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$ .

$- \frac{2 (x + 1) (2 x^{2} + 3 x - 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{4}}$