Calculus Examples

$\frac{\sin (x)}{1 + \cos (x)}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = \sin (x)$ and $g (x) = 1 + \cos (x)$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)] - \sin (x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (x)]}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 2

The derivative of $\sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cos (x) - \sin (x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos (x)]}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + \cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cos (x) - \sin (x) (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)])}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cos (x) - \sin (x) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)])}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cos (x) - \sin (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 4

The derivative of $\cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cos (x) - \sin (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5

Multiply.

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Step 5.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cos (x) + 1 \sin (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5.2

Multiply $\sin (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cos (x) + \sin (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6

Raise $\sin (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cos (x) + \sin^{1} (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 7

Raise $\sin (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cos (x) + \sin^{1} (x) \sin^{1} (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cos (x) + {\sin (x)}^{1 + 1}}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 9

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cos (x) + \sin^{2} (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10

Simplify.

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Step 10.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1 \cos (x) + \cos (x) \cos (x) + \sin^{2} (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.2

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 10.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 10.2.1.1

Multiply $\cos (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\cos (x) + \cos (x) \cos (x) + \sin^{2} (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.2.1.2

Multiply $\cos (x) \cos (x)$ .

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Step 10.2.1.2.1

Raise $\cos (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{\cos (x) + \cos^{1} (x) \cos (x) + \sin^{2} (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.2.1.2.2

Raise $\cos (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{\cos (x) + \cos^{1} (x) \cos^{1} (x) + \sin^{2} (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.2.1.2.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{\cos (x) + {\cos (x)}^{1 + 1} + \sin^{2} (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.2.1.2.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{\cos (x) + \cos^{2} (x) + \sin^{2} (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.2.2

Rearrange terms.

$\frac{\cos (x) + \sin^{2} (x) + \cos^{2} (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.2.3

Apply pythagorean identity.

$\frac{\cos (x) + 1}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.3

Cancel the common factor of $\cos (x) + 1$ and ${(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}$ .

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Step 10.3.1

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.3.2

Multiply by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 1}{{(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}}$

Step 10.3.3

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 10.3.3.1

Factor $1 + \cos (x)$ out of ${(1 + \cos (x))}^{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 1}{(1 + \cos (x)) (1 + \cos (x))}$

Step 10.3.3.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 1}{(1 + \cos (x)) (1 + \cos (x))}$

Step 10.3.3.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{1 + \cos (x)}$