Calculus Examples

$x^{2} + y^{2} = - 4 x$

Step 1

Solve the equation as $y$ in terms of $x$ .

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Step 1.1

Subtract $x^{2}$ from both sides of the equation.

$y^{2} = - 4 x - x^{2}$

Step 1.2

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$y = \pm \sqrt{- 4 x - x^{2}}$

Step 1.3

Factor $x$ out of $- 4 x - x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.3.1

Factor $x$ out of $- 4 x$ .

$y = \pm \sqrt{x \cdot - 4 - x^{2}}$

Step 1.3.2

Factor $x$ out of $- x^{2}$ .

$y = \pm \sqrt{x \cdot - 4 + x (- x)}$

Step 1.3.3

Factor $x$ out of $x \cdot - 4 + x (- x)$ .

$y = \pm \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$

Step 1.4

The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.

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Step 1.4.1

First, use the positive value of the $\pm$ to find the first solution.

$y = \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$

Step 1.4.2

Next, use the negative value of the $\pm$ to find the second solution.

$y = - \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$

Step 1.4.3

The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.

$y = \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$

$y = - \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$

$y = \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$

$y = - \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$

$y = \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$

$y = - \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$

Step 2

Set each solution of $y$ as a function of $x$ .

$y = \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)} \to f (x) = \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$

$y = - \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)} \to f (x) = - \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$

Step 3

Because the $y$ variable in the equation $x^{2} + y^{2} = - 4 x$ has a degree greater than $1$ , use implicit differentiation to solve for the derivative $\frac{d y}{d x}$ .

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Step 3.1

Differentiate both sides of the equation.

$\frac{d}{d x} (x^{2} + y^{2}) = \frac{d}{d x} (- 4 x)$

Step 3.2

Differentiate the left side of the equation.

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Step 3.2.1

Differentiate.

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Step 3.2.1.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + y^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [y^{2}]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [y^{2}]$

Step 3.2.1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [y^{2}]$

Step 3.2.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [y^{2}]$ .

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Step 3.2.2.1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = y$ .

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Step 3.2.2.1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $y$ .

$2 x + \frac{d}{d u} [u^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [y]$

Step 3.2.2.1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 x + 2 u \frac{d}{d x} [y]$

Step 3.2.2.1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $y$ .

$2 x + 2 y \frac{d}{d x} [y]$

Step 3.2.2.2

Rewrite $\frac{d}{d x} [y]$ as $y'$ .

$2 x + 2 y y'$

Step 3.2.3

Reorder terms.

$2 y y' + 2 x$

Step 3.3

Differentiate the right side of the equation.

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Step 3.3.1

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 3.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- 4 \cdot 1$

Step 3.3.3

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$- 4$

Step 3.4

Reform the equation by setting the left side equal to the right side.

$2 y y' + 2 x = - 4$

Step 3.5

Solve for $y'$ .

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Step 3.5.1

Subtract $2 x$ from both sides of the equation.

$2 y y' = - 4 - 2 x$

Step 3.5.2

Divide each term in $2 y y' = - 4 - 2 x$ by $2 y$ and simplify.

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Step 3.5.2.1

Divide each term in $2 y y' = - 4 - 2 x$ by $2 y$ .

$\frac{2 y y'}{2 y} = \frac{- 4}{2 y} + \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 3.5.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 3.5.2.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 y y'}{2 y} = \frac{- 4}{2 y} + \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.2.1.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{y y'}{y} = \frac{- 4}{2 y} + \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor of $y$ .

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Step 3.5.2.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{y y'}{y} = \frac{- 4}{2 y} + \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.2.2.2

Divide $y'$ by $1$ .

$y' = \frac{- 4}{2 y} + \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.5.2.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.5.2.3.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 4$ and $2$ .

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Step 3.5.2.3.1.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 4$ .

$y' = \frac{2 \cdot - 2}{2 y} + \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.3.1.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 3.5.2.3.1.1.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 y$ .

$y' = \frac{2 \cdot - 2}{2 (y)} + \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.3.1.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$y' = \frac{2 \cdot - 2}{2 y} + \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.3.1.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$y' = \frac{- 2}{y} + \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.3.1.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$y' = - \frac{2}{y} + \frac{- 2 x}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.3.1.3

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $2$ .

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Step 3.5.2.3.1.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x$ .

$y' = - \frac{2}{y} + \frac{2 (- x)}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.3.1.3.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 3.5.2.3.1.3.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 y$ .

$y' = - \frac{2}{y} + \frac{2 (- x)}{2 (y)}$

Step 3.5.2.3.1.3.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$y' = - \frac{2}{y} + \frac{2 (- x)}{2 y}$

Step 3.5.2.3.1.3.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$y' = - \frac{2}{y} + \frac{- x}{y}$

Step 3.5.2.3.1.4

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$y' = - \frac{2}{y} - \frac{x}{y}$

Step 3.6

Replace $y'$ with $\frac{d y}{d x}$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} = - \frac{2}{y} - \frac{x}{y}$

Step 4

Set the derivative equal to $0$ then solve the equation $- \frac{2}{y} - \frac{x}{y} = 0$ .

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Step 4.1

Add $\frac{2}{y}$ to both sides of the equation.

$- \frac{x}{y} = \frac{2}{y}$

Step 4.2

Since the expression on each side of the equation has the same denominator, the numerators must be equal.

$- x = 2$

Step 4.3

Divide each term in $- x = 2$ by $- 1$ and simplify.

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Step 4.3.1

Divide each term in $- x = 2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- x}{- 1} = \frac{2}{- 1}$

Step 4.3.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 4.3.2.1

Dividing two negative values results in a positive value.

$\frac{x}{1} = \frac{2}{- 1}$

Step 4.3.2.2

Divide $x$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{2}{- 1}$

Step 4.3.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 4.3.3.1

Divide $2$ by $- 1$ .

$x = - 2$

Step 5

Solve the function $f (x) = \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$ at $x = - 2$ .

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Step 5.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $- 2$ in the expression.

$f (- 2) = \sqrt{(- 2) (- 4 - (- 2))}$

Step 5.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 5.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$f (- 2) = \sqrt{- 2 (- 4 + 2)}$

Step 5.2.2

Add $- 4$ and $2$ .

$f (- 2) = \sqrt{- 2 \cdot - 2}$

Step 5.2.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$f (- 2) = \sqrt{4}$

Step 5.2.4

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$f (- 2) = \sqrt{2^{2}}$

Step 5.2.5

Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.

$f (- 2) = 2$

Step 5.2.6

The final answer is $2$ .

$2$

Step 6

Solve the function $f (x) = - \sqrt{x (- 4 - x)}$ at $x = - 2$ .

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Step 6.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $- 2$ in the expression.

$f (- 2) = - \sqrt{(- 2) (- 4 - (- 2))}$

Step 6.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 6.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$f (- 2) = - \sqrt{- 2 (- 4 + 2)}$

Step 6.2.2

Add $- 4$ and $2$ .

$f (- 2) = - \sqrt{- 2 \cdot - 2}$

Step 6.2.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$f (- 2) = - \sqrt{4}$

Step 6.2.4

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$f (- 2) = - \sqrt{2^{2}}$

Step 6.2.5

Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.

$f (- 2) = - 1 \cdot 2$

Step 6.2.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$f (- 2) = - 2$

Step 6.2.7

The final answer is $- 2$ .

$- 2$

Step 7

The horizontal tangent lines are $y = 2, y = - 2$

$y = 2, y = - 2$

Step 8