Calculus Examples

$\ln (x \sqrt{x^{2} - 1})$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x^{2} - 1}$ as ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\ln (x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}})]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \ln (x)$ and $g (x) = x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\ln (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\ln (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{1}{u_{1}}$ .

$\frac{1}{u_{1}} \frac{d}{d x} [x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}] + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 4

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 1$ .

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Step 4.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $x^{2} - 1$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 4.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x (\frac{1}{2} {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 4.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $x^{2} - 1$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 5

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 6

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 7

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 8

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 8.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 8.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 9

Combine fractions.

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Step 9.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x (\frac{1}{2} {(x^{2} - 1)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 9.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x (\frac{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 9.3

Move ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x (\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 9.4

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1] + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 10

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 11

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 12

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x + 0) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 13

Combine fractions.

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Step 13.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x) + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 13.2

Combine $2$ and $\frac{x}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 x}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} x + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 13.3

Combine $\frac{2 x}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 x \cdot x}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 14

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 (x^{1} x)}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 15

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 (x^{1} x^{1})}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 16

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 x^{1 + 1}}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 17

Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.

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Step 17.1

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 x^{2}}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 17.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 x^{2}}{2 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 17.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 18

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1)$

Step 19

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}})$

Step 20

To write ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 21

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 22.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.3

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}}}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.4

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + {(x^{2} - 1)}^{1}}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 23

Simplify ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + x^{2} - 1}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 24

Add $x^{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 25

Multiply $\frac{1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 26

Multiply ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 26.1

Move ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x ({(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Step 26.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 26.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}}$

Step 26.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}}}$

Step 26.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{1}}$

Step 27

Simplify $x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{1}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x (x^{2} - 1)}$

Step 28

Simplify.

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Step 28.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x \cdot x^{2} + x \cdot - 1}$

Step 28.2

Combine terms.

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Step 28.2.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 28.2.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 28.2.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x^{1} x^{2} + x \cdot - 1}$

Step 28.2.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x^{1 + 2} + x \cdot - 1}$

Step 28.2.1.2

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x^{3} + x \cdot - 1}$

Step 28.2.2

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x^{3} - 1 \cdot x}$

Step 28.2.3

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} - 1}{x^{3} - x}$