Calculus Examples

\frac{x^{2} - 1}{x^{2} + x + 1}

$\frac{x^{2} - 1}{x^{2} + x + 1}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that

\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]

$\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is

\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}

$\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where

f (x) = x^{2} - 1

$f (x) = x^{2} - 1$ and

g (x) = x^{2} + x + 1

$g (x) = x^{2} + x + 1$ .

\frac{(x^{2} + x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1] - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}

$\frac{(x^{2} + x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1] - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2

Differentiate.

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Step 2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of

x^{2} - 1

$x^{2} - 1$ with respect to

x

$x$ is

\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]

$\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

\frac{(x^{2} + x + 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}

$\frac{(x^{2} + x + 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that

\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]

$\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is

n x^{n - 1}

$n x^{n - 1}$ where

n = 2

$n = 2$ .

\frac{(x^{2} + x + 1) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}

$\frac{(x^{2} + x + 1) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Since

- 1

$- 1$ is constant with respect to

x

$x$ , the derivative of

- 1

$- 1$ with respect to

x

$x$ is

0

$0$ .

\frac{(x^{2} + x + 1) (2 x + 0) - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}

$\frac{(x^{2} + x + 1) (2 x + 0) - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 2.4.1

Add

2 x

$2 x$ and

0

$0$ .

\frac{(x^{2} + x + 1) (2 x) - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}

$\frac{(x^{2} + x + 1) (2 x) - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.4.2

Move

2

$2$ to the left of

x^{2} + x + 1

$x^{2} + x + 1$ .

\frac{2 \cdot (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}

$\frac{2 \cdot (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

\frac{2 \cdot (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}

$\frac{2 \cdot (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + x + 1]}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.5

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of

x^{2} + x + 1

$x^{2} + x + 1$ with respect to

x

$x$ is

\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]

$\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

\frac{2 (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.6

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that

\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]

$\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is

n x^{n - 1}

$n x^{n - 1}$ where

n = 2

$n = 2$ .

\frac{2 (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that

\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]

$\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is

n x^{n - 1}

$n x^{n - 1}$ where

n = 1

$n = 1$ .

\frac{2 (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) (2 x + 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) (2 x + 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.8

Since

1

$1$ is constant with respect to

x

$x$ , the derivative of

1

$1$ with respect to

x

$x$ is

0

$0$ .

\frac{2 (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) (2 x + 1 + 0)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) (2 x + 1 + 0)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.9

Add

$2 x + 1$ and

$0$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + x + 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Simplify.

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Step 3.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(2 x^{2} + 2 x + 2 \cdot 1) x - (x^{2} - 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{2} x + 2 x \cdot x + 2 \cdot 1 x - (x^{2} - 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{2} x + 2 x \cdot x + 2 \cdot 1 x + (- x^{2} - - 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 3.4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.4.1.1

Multiply

$x^{2}$ by

$x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.4.1.1.1

Move

$x$ .

$\frac{2 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 2 x \cdot x + 2 \cdot 1 x + (- x^{2} - - 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.1.2

Multiply

$x$ by

$x^{2}$ .

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Step 3.4.1.1.2.1

Raise

$x$ to the power of

$1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 2 x \cdot x + 2 \cdot 1 x + (- x^{2} - - 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.1.2.2

Use the power rule

$a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{1 + 2} + 2 x \cdot x + 2 \cdot 1 x + (- x^{2} - - 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.1.3

Add

$1$ and

$2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x \cdot x + 2 \cdot 1 x + (- x^{2} - - 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.2

Multiply

$x$ by

$x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.4.1.2.1

Move

$x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 (x \cdot x) + 2 \cdot 1 x + (- x^{2} - - 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.2.2

Multiply

$x$ by

$x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 \cdot 1 x + (- x^{2} - - 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.3

Multiply

$2$ by

$1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x + (- x^{2} - - 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.4

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x + (- x^{2} + 1) (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.5

Expand

$(- x^{2} + 1) (2 x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 3.4.1.5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - x^{2} (2 x + 1) + 1 (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - x^{2} (2 x) - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 (2 x + 1)}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.5.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - x^{2} (2 x) - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.6

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.4.1.6.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - 1 \cdot 2 x^{2} x - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.6.2

Multiply

$x^{2}$ by

$x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.4.1.6.2.1

Move

$x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - 1 \cdot 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.6.2.2

Multiply

$x$ by

$x^{2}$ .

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Step 3.4.1.6.2.2.1

Raise

$x$ to the power of

$1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - 1 \cdot 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.6.2.2.2

Use the power rule

$a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - 1 \cdot 2 x^{1 + 2} - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.6.2.3

Add

$1$ and

$2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - 1 \cdot 2 x^{3} - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.6.3

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - 2 x^{3} - x^{2} \cdot 1 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.6.4

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - 2 x^{3} - x^{2} + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.6.5

Multiply

$2 x$ by

$1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - 2 x^{3} - x^{2} + 2 x + 1 \cdot 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.6.6

Multiply

$1$ by

$1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - 2 x^{3} - x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.2

Combine the opposite terms in

$2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 2 x - 2 x^{3} - x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ .

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Step 3.4.2.1

Subtract

$2 x^{3}$ from

$2 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 2 x + 0 - x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.2.2

Add

$2 x^{2} + 2 x$ and

$0$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 2 x - x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.3

Subtract

$x^{2}$ from

$2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} + 2 x + 2 x + 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.4

Add

$2 x$ and

$2 x$ .

$\frac{x^{2} + 4 x + 1}{{(x^{2} + x + 1)}^{2}}$