Calculus Examples

$\int \csc^{2} (x) \cot^{2} (x) d x$

Step 1

Let $u = \cot (x)$ . Then $d u = - \csc^{2} (x) d x$ , so $- \frac{1}{\csc^{2} (x)} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 1.1

Let $u = \cot (x)$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $\cot (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\cot (x)]$

Step 1.1.2

The derivative of $\cot (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \csc^{2} (x)$ .

$- \csc^{2} (x)$

Step 1.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int - 1 u^{2} d u$

Step 2

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \int u^{2} d u$

Step 3

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{2}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{3} u^{3}$ .

$- (\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C)$

Step 4

Rewrite $- (\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C)$ as $- \frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C$ .

$- \frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C$

Step 5

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $\cot (x)$ .

$- \frac{1}{3} \cot^{3} (x) + C$