Calculus Examples

$\int \sin^{2} (x) \cos^{2} (x) d x$

Step 1

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\cos^{2} (x)$ as $\frac{1 + \cos (2 x)}{2}$ .

$\int \sin^{2} (x) \frac{1 + \cos (2 x)}{2} d x$

Step 2

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\sin^{2} (x)$ as $\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{2}$ .

$\int \frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{2} \cdot \frac{1 + \cos (2 x)}{2} d x$

Step 3

Simplify.

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Step 3.1

Multiply $\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{2}$ by $\frac{1 + \cos (2 x)}{2}$ .

$\int \frac{(1 - \cos (2 x)) (1 + \cos (2 x))}{2 \cdot 2} d x$

Step 3.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\int \frac{(1 - \cos (2 x)) (1 + \cos (2 x))}{4} d x$

Step 4

Since $\frac{1}{4}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $\frac{1}{4}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{4} \int (1 - \cos (2 x)) (1 + \cos (2 x)) d x$

Step 5

Let $u_{1} = 2 x$ . Then $d u_{1} = 2 d x$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{1} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Step 5.1

Let $u_{1} = 2 x$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d x}$ .

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Step 5.1.1

Differentiate $2 x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [2 x]$

Step 5.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 5.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 5.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

Step 5.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ and $d u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int (1 - \cos (u_{1})) (1 + \cos (u_{1})) \frac{1}{2} d u_{1}$

Step 6

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \int (1 - \cos (u_{1})) (1 + \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1})$

Step 7

Simplify by multiplying through.

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Step 7.1

Simplify.

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Step 7.1.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2 \cdot 4} \int (1 - \cos (u_{1})) (1 + \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 7.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \int (1 - \cos (u_{1})) (1 + \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2

Expand $(1 - \cos (u_{1})) (1 + \cos (u_{1}))$ .

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Step 7.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 (1 + \cos (u_{1})) - \cos (u_{1}) (1 + \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 \cdot 1 + 1 \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) (1 + \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 \cdot 1 + 1 \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) \cdot 1 - \cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.4

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 \cdot 1 + 1 \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.5

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 + 1 \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.6

Multiply $\cos (u_{1})$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 + \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.7

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 + \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.8

Factor out negative.

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 + \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) - (\cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.9

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 + \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) - (\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.10

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 + \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) - (\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.11

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 + \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) - {\cos (u_{1})}^{1 + 1} d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.12

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 + \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1}) - \cos^{2} (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.13

Subtract $\cos (u_{1})$ from $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 + 0 - \cos^{2} (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.14

Subtract $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ from $0$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \int 1 - \cos^{2} (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 8

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{8} (\int d u_{1} + \int - \cos^{2} (u_{1}) d u_{1})$

Step 9

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C + \int - \cos^{2} (u_{1}) d u_{1})$

Step 10

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C - \int \cos^{2} (u_{1}) d u_{1})$

Step 11

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ as $\frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{1})}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C - \int \frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 12

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C - (\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}))$

Step 13

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C - \frac{1}{2} (\int d u_{1} + \int \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}))$

Step 14

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C - \frac{1}{2} (u_{1} + C + \int \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}))$

Step 15

Let $u_{2} = 2 u_{1}$ . Then $d u_{2} = 2 d u_{1}$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{2} = d u_{1}$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 15.1

Let $u_{2} = 2 u_{1}$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d u_{1}}$ .

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Step 15.1.1

Differentiate $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [2 u_{1}]$

Step 15.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , the derivative of $2 u_{1}$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$

Step 15.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 15.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

Step 15.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ and $d u_{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C - \frac{1}{2} (u_{1} + C + \int \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} d u_{2}))$

Step 16

Combine $\cos (u_{2})$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C - \frac{1}{2} (u_{1} + C + \int \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2}))$

Step 17

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{2}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C - \frac{1}{2} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} \int \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}))$

Step 18

The integral of $\cos (u_{2})$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\sin (u_{2})$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C - \frac{1}{2} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{2}) + C)))$

Step 19

Simplify.

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Step 19.1

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} - \frac{u_{1}}{2} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{4}) + C$

Step 19.2

Simplify.

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Step 19.2.1

To write $u_{1}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} \cdot \frac{2}{2} - \frac{u_{1}}{2} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{4}) + C$

Step 19.2.2

Combine $u_{1}$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{u_{1} \cdot 2}{2} - \frac{u_{1}}{2} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{4}) + C$

Step 19.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{u_{1} \cdot 2 - u_{1}}{2} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{4}) + C$

Step 19.2.4

Move $2$ to the left of $u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 \cdot u_{1} - u_{1}}{2} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{4}) + C$

Step 19.2.5

Subtract $u_{1}$ from $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{u_{1}}{2} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{4}) + C$

Step 20

Substitute back in for each integration substitution variable.

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Step 20.1

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $2 x$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 x}{2} - \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{4}) + C$

Step 20.2

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 x}{2} - \frac{\sin (2 u_{1})}{4}) + C$

Step 20.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $2 x$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 x}{2} - \frac{\sin (2 (2 x))}{4}) + C$

Step 21

Simplify.

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Step 21.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 21.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 21.1.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 x}{2} - \frac{\sin (2 (2 x))}{4}) + C$

Step 21.1.1.2

Divide $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (x - \frac{\sin (2 (2 x))}{4}) + C$

Step 21.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (x - \frac{\sin (4 x)}{4}) + C$

Step 21.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{8} x + \frac{1}{8} (- \frac{\sin (4 x)}{4}) + C$

Step 21.3

Combine $\frac{1}{8}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{x}{8} + \frac{1}{8} (- \frac{\sin (4 x)}{4}) + C$

Step 21.4

Multiply $\frac{1}{8} (- \frac{\sin (4 x)}{4})$ .

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Step 21.4.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{8}$ by $\frac{\sin (4 x)}{4}$ .

$\frac{x}{8} - \frac{\sin (4 x)}{8 \cdot 4} + C$

Step 21.4.2

Multiply $8$ by $4$ .

$\frac{x}{8} - \frac{\sin (4 x)}{32} + C$

Step 22

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{8} x - \frac{1}{32} \sin (4 x) + C$