Calculus Examples

$\int \frac{x^{2} - 4}{x} d x$

Step 1

This integral could not be completed using u-substitution. Mathway will use another method.

Step 2

Split the fraction into multiple fractions.

$\int \frac{x^{2}}{x} + \frac{- 4}{x} d x$

Step 3

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int \frac{x^{2}}{x} d x + \int \frac{- 4}{x} d x$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Cancel the common factor of $x^{2}$ and $x$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Factor $x$ out of $x^{2}$ .

$\int \frac{x \cdot x}{x} d x + \int \frac{- 4}{x} d x$

Step 4.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 4.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int \frac{x \cdot x}{x^{1}} d x + \int \frac{- 4}{x} d x$

Step 4.1.2.2

Factor $x$ out of $x^{1}$ .

$\int \frac{x \cdot x}{x \cdot 1} d x + \int \frac{- 4}{x} d x$

Step 4.1.2.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\int \frac{x \cdot x}{x \cdot 1} d x + \int \frac{- 4}{x} d x$

Step 4.1.2.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\int \frac{x}{1} d x + \int \frac{- 4}{x} d x$

Step 4.1.2.5

Divide $x$ by $1$ .

$\int x d x + \int \frac{- 4}{x} d x$

Step 4.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\int x d x + \int - \frac{4}{x} d x$

Step 5

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{2} x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C + \int - \frac{4}{x} d x$

Step 6

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - \int \frac{4}{x} d x$

Step 7

Since $4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $4$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - (4 \int \frac{1}{x} d x)$

Step 8

Multiply $4$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 4 \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 9

The integral of $\frac{1}{x}$ with respect to $x$ is $\ln (| x |)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C - 4 (\ln (| x |) + C)$

Step 10

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{2} x^{2} - 4 \ln (| x |) + C$