Calculus Examples

$\int \sqrt{1 + x^{2}} x^{5} d x$

Step 1

Let $u = 1 + x^{2}$ . Then $d u = 2 x d x$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u = x d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 1.1

Let $u = 1 + x^{2}$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $1 + x^{2}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]$

Step 1.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$

Step 1.1.3

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$0 + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$

Step 1.1.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$0 + 2 x$

Step 1.1.5

Add $0$ and $2 x$ .

$2 x$

Step 1.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int \sqrt{u} {\sqrt{u - 1}}^{4} \frac{1}{2} d u$

Step 2

Simplify.

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Step 2.1

Rewrite ${\sqrt{u - 1}}^{4}$ as ${(u - 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 2.1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{u - 1}$ as ${(u - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\int \sqrt{u} {({(u - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4} \frac{1}{2} d u$

Step 2.1.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\int \sqrt{u} {(u - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 4} \frac{1}{2} d u$

Step 2.1.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $4$ .

$\int \sqrt{u} {(u - 1)}^{\frac{4}{2}} \frac{1}{2} d u$

Step 2.1.4

Cancel the common factor of $4$ and $2$ .

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Step 2.1.4.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\int \sqrt{u} {(u - 1)}^{\frac{2 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{1}{2} d u$

Step 2.1.4.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 2.1.4.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\int \sqrt{u} {(u - 1)}^{\frac{2 \cdot 2}{2 (1)}} \frac{1}{2} d u$

Step 2.1.4.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\int \sqrt{u} {(u - 1)}^{\frac{2 \cdot 2}{2 \cdot 1}} \frac{1}{2} d u$

Step 2.1.4.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\int \sqrt{u} {(u - 1)}^{\frac{2}{1}} \frac{1}{2} d u$

Step 2.1.4.2.4

Divide $2$ by $1$ .

$\int \sqrt{u} {(u - 1)}^{2} \frac{1}{2} d u$

Step 2.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\sqrt{u}$ .

$\int \frac{\sqrt{u}}{2} {(u - 1)}^{2} d u$

Step 2.3

Combine $\frac{\sqrt{u}}{2}$ and ${(u - 1)}^{2}$ .

$\int \frac{\sqrt{u} {(u - 1)}^{2}}{2} d u$

Step 3

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \sqrt{u} {(u - 1)}^{2} d u$

Step 4

Integrate by parts using the formula $\int w d v = w v - \int v d w$ , where $w = {(u - 1)}^{2}$ and $dv = \sqrt{u}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} ({(u - 1)}^{2} (\frac{2}{3} u^{\frac{3}{2}}) - \int \frac{2}{3} u^{\frac{3}{2}} (2 u - 2) d u)$

Step 5

Simplify.

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Step 5.1

Combine $\frac{2}{3}$ and $u^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} ({(u - 1)}^{2} \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{2}{3} u^{\frac{3}{2}} (2 u - 2) d u)$

Step 5.2

Combine ${(u - 1)}^{2}$ and $\frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{{(u - 1)}^{2} (2 u^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} - \int \frac{2}{3} u^{\frac{3}{2}} (2 u - 2) d u)$

Step 5.3

Move $2$ to the left of ${(u - 1)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 \cdot {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{2}{3} u^{\frac{3}{2}} (2 u - 2) d u)$

Step 5.4

Combine $\frac{2}{3}$ and $u^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} (2 u - 2) d u)$

Step 6

Simplify.

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Step 6.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} (2 u) + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} \cdot - 2 d u)$

Step 6.2

Reorder $\frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int 2 \cdot \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} u + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} \cdot - 2 d u)$

Step 6.3

Reorder $\frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}$ and $- 2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int 2 \cdot \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} u - 2 \cdot \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u)$

Step 6.4

Combine $2$ and $\frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{2 (2 u^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} u - 2 \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u)$

Step 6.5

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} u - 2 \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u)$

Step 6.6

Combine $\frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}$ and $u$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2}} u}{3} - 2 \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u)$

Step 6.7

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{4 (u^{\frac{3}{2}} u^{1})}{3} - 2 \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u)$

Step 6.8

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2} + 1}}{3} - 2 \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u)$

Step 6.9

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2} + \frac{2}{2}}}{3} - 2 \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u)$

Step 6.10

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{4 u^{\frac{3 + 2}{2}}}{3} - 2 \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u)$

Step 6.11

Add $3$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} - 2 \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u)$

Step 6.12

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{- 2 (2 u^{\frac{3}{2}})}{3} d u)$

Step 6.13

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{- 4 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u)$

Step 7

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \int \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u)$

Step 8

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - (\int \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} d u + \int - \frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u))$

Step 9

Since $\frac{4}{3}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{4}{3}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - (\frac{4}{3} \int u^{\frac{5}{2}} d u + \int - \frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u))$

Step 10

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - (\frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{7} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + C) + \int - \frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u))$

Step 11

Combine $\frac{2}{7}$ and $u^{\frac{7}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - (\frac{4}{3} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + C) + \int - \frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u))$

Step 12

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - (\frac{4}{3} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + C) - \int \frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} d u))$

Step 13

Since $\frac{4}{3}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{4}{3}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - (\frac{4}{3} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + C) - (\frac{4}{3} \int u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u)))$

Step 14

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{\frac{3}{2}}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - (\frac{4}{3} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + C) - \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}} + C)))$

Step 15

Simplify.

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Step 15.1

Combine $\frac{2}{5}$ and $u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - (\frac{4}{3} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + C) - \frac{4}{3} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} + C)))$

Step 15.2

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \frac{8 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{21} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 16

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2}{3} {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}} - \frac{8}{21} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{8}{15} u^{\frac{5}{2}}) + C$

Step 17

Rewrite $\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2}{3} {(u - 1)}^{2} u^{\frac{3}{2}} - \frac{8}{21} u^{\frac{7}{2}} + \frac{8}{15} u^{\frac{5}{2}}) + C$ as $\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{3} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \frac{8 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{21} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{3} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} - \frac{8 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{21} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 18

Simplify.

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Step 18.1

To write $\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{3}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{7}{7}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{3} \cdot \frac{7}{7} - \frac{8 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{21} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 18.2

Write each expression with a common denominator of $21$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 18.2.1

Multiply $\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{3}$ by $\frac{7}{7}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}} \cdot 7}{3 \cdot 7} - \frac{8 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{21} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 18.2.2

Multiply $3$ by $7$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}} \cdot 7}{21} - \frac{8 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{21} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 18.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}} \cdot 7 - 8 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{21} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 18.4

Multiply $7$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{14 u^{\frac{7}{2}} - 8 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{21} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 18.5

Subtract $8 u^{\frac{7}{2}}$ from $14 u^{\frac{7}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{6 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{21} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 18.6

Factor $3$ out of $6 u^{\frac{7}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{3 (2 u^{\frac{7}{2}})}{21} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 18.7

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 18.7.1

Factor $3$ out of $21$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{3 (2 u^{\frac{7}{2}})}{3 (7)} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 18.7.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{3 (2 u^{\frac{7}{2}})}{3 \cdot 7} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 18.7.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15}) + C$

Step 18.8

To write $- \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{5}{5}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3} \cdot \frac{5}{5} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 18.9

Write each expression with a common denominator of $15$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 18.9.1

Multiply $\frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{3}$ by $\frac{5}{5}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}} \cdot 5}{3 \cdot 5} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 18.9.2

Multiply $3$ by $5$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}} \cdot 5}{15} + \frac{8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 18.10

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{- 4 u^{\frac{5}{2}} \cdot 5 + 8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 18.11

Multiply $5$ by $- 4$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{- 20 u^{\frac{5}{2}} + 8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 18.12

Add $- 20 u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ and $8 u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{- 12 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 18.13

Factor $3$ out of $- 12 u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{3 (- 4 u^{\frac{5}{2}})}{15} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 18.14

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 18.14.1

Factor $3$ out of $15$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{3 (- 4 u^{\frac{5}{2}})}{3 (5)} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 18.14.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{3 (- 4 u^{\frac{5}{2}})}{3 \cdot 5} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 18.14.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} + \frac{- 4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 18.15

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 u^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} - \frac{4 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 19

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $1 + x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{7}{2}}}{7} - \frac{4 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} + \frac{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}) + C$

Step 20

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2}{7} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{7}{2}} - \frac{4}{5} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{5}{2}} + \frac{2}{3} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}) + C$