Calculus Examples

$\int \frac{x^{2} - 1}{\sqrt{2 x - 1}} d x$

Step 1

Let $u = 2 x - 1$ . Then $d u = 2 d x$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 1.1

Let $u = 2 x - 1$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $2 x - 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [2 x - 1]$

Step 1.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $2 x - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 1.1.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [2 x]$ .

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Step 1.1.3.1

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 1.1.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 1.1.3.3

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 1.1.4

Differentiate using the Constant Rule.

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Step 1.1.4.1

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$2 + 0$

Step 1.1.4.2

Add $2$ and $0$ .

$2$

Step 1.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int \frac{{(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - 1}{\sqrt{u}} \cdot \frac{1}{2} d u$

Step 2

Simplify.

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Step 2.1

Multiply $\frac{{(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - 1}{\sqrt{u}}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int \frac{{(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - 1}{\sqrt{u} \cdot 2} d u$

Step 2.2

Move $2$ to the left of $\sqrt{u}$ .

$\int \frac{{(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - 1}{2 \sqrt{u}} d u$

Step 3

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{{(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - 1}{\sqrt{u}} d u$

Step 4

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 4.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{u}$ as $u^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{{(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - 1}{u^{\frac{1}{2}}} d u$

Step 4.2

Move $u^{\frac{1}{2}}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\frac{1}{2} \int ({(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - 1) {(u^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{- 1} d u$

Step 4.3

Multiply the exponents in ${(u^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 4.3.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int ({(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - 1) u^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot - 1} d u$

Step 4.3.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int ({(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - 1) u^{\frac{- 1}{2}} d u$

Step 4.3.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} \int ({(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - 1) u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5

Expand $({(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - 1) u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 5.1

Rewrite ${(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})}^{2}$ as $(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2}) (\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int ((\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2}) (\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2}) - 1) u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{u}{2} (\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2}) - 1) u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} (\frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2}) - 1) u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1) u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}) u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}) u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}) u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.7

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}) u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.8

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.9

Multiply $\frac{u}{2}$ by $\frac{u}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u \cdot u}{2 \cdot 2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.10

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{1} u}{2 \cdot 2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.11

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{1} u^{1}}{2 \cdot 2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.12

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{1 + 1}}{2 \cdot 2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.13

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{2}}{2 \cdot 2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.14

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{2}}{4} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.15

Combine $\frac{u^{2}}{4}$ and $u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.16

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{2 - \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.17

To write $2$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{2 \cdot \frac{2}{2} - \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.18

Combine $2$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{2 \cdot 2}{2} - \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.19

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{2 \cdot 2 - 1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.20

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 5.20.1

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{4 - 1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.20.2

Subtract $1$ from $4$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.21

Multiply $\frac{u}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u}{2 \cdot 2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.22

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u}{4} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.23

Combine $\frac{u}{4}$ and $u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u \cdot u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.24

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{1} u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.25

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{1 - \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.26

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{2}{2} - \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.27

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{2 - 1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.28

Subtract $1$ from $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{u}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.29

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{u}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u}{2 \cdot 2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.30

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u}{4} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.31

Combine $\frac{u}{4}$ and $u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u \cdot u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.32

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{1} u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.33

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{1 - \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.34

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{2}{2} - \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.35

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{2 - 1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.36

Subtract $1$ from $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.37

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.38

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{1}{4} u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.39

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.40

Add $\frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4}$ and $\frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + 2 \frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.41

Combine $2$ and $\frac{u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 5.42

To write $- 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot \frac{4}{4} d u$

Step 5.43

Combine $- 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ and $\frac{4}{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{- 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 4}{4} d u$

Step 5.44

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{1}{2}}}{4} + \frac{u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 4}{4} d u$

Step 5.45

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{4} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} + u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 4}{4} d u$

Step 5.46

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}} + 2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} + u^{- \frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 4}{4} d u$

Step 5.47

Reorder $u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ and $- 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 4$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}} + 2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 4 + u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} d u$

Step 5.48

Reorder $2 u^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $- 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 4$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}} - 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 4 + 2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} + u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} d u$

Step 5.49

Move $u^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{- 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 4 + 2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} + u^{\frac{3}{2}} + u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} d u$

Step 6

Simplify.

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Step 6.1

Rewrite $- 1 u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ as $- u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{- u^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 4 + 2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} + u^{\frac{3}{2}} + u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} d u$

Step 6.2

Multiply $4$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{- 4 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} + 2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} + u^{\frac{3}{2}} + u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} d u$

Step 6.3

Add $- 4 u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ and $u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} + u^{\frac{3}{2}} - 3 u^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{4} d u$

Step 7

Since $\frac{1}{4}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{4}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{4} \int 2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} + u^{\frac{3}{2}} - 3 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u)$

Step 8

Simplify.

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Step 8.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{4 \cdot 2} \int 2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} + u^{\frac{3}{2}} - 3 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 8.2

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \int 2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} + u^{\frac{3}{2}} - 3 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u$

Step 9

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{8} (\int 2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} d u + \int u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u + \int - 3 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u)$

Step 10

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $2$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{8} (2 \int u^{\frac{1}{2}} d u + \int u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u + \int - 3 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u)$

Step 11

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{2}{3} u^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (2 (\frac{2}{3} u^{\frac{3}{2}} + C) + \int u^{\frac{3}{2}} d u + \int - 3 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u)$

Step 12

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{\frac{3}{2}}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (2 (\frac{2}{3} u^{\frac{3}{2}} + C) + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}} + C + \int - 3 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u)$

Step 13

Simplify.

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Step 13.1

Combine $\frac{2}{3}$ and $u^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (2 (\frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + C) + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}} + C + \int - 3 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u)$

Step 13.2

Combine $\frac{2}{5}$ and $u^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (2 (\frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + C) + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} + C + \int - 3 u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u)$

Step 14

Since $- 3$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 3$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{8} (2 (\frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + C) + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} + C - 3 \int u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u)$

Step 15

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $u$ is $2 u^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (2 (\frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + C) + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} + C - 3 (2 u^{\frac{1}{2}} + C))$

Step 16

Simplify.

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Step 16.1

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 u^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} - 6 u^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 16.2

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4}{3} u^{\frac{3}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} u^{\frac{5}{2}} - 6 u^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 17

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $2 x - 1$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4}{3} {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} + \frac{2}{5} {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18

Simplify.

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Step 18.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 18.1.1

Combine $\frac{4}{3}$ and ${(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2}{5} {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.1.2

Combine $\frac{2}{5}$ and ${(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} + \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.2

To write $\frac{4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{5}{5}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} \cdot \frac{5}{5} + \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.3

To write $\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3} \cdot \frac{5}{5} + \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} \cdot \frac{3}{3} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.4

Write each expression with a common denominator of $15$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 18.4.1

Multiply $\frac{4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}$ by $\frac{5}{5}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 5}{3 \cdot 5} + \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} \cdot \frac{3}{3} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.4.2

Multiply $3$ by $5$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 5}{15} + \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5} \cdot \frac{3}{3} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.4.3

Multiply $\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{5}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 5}{15} + \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}} \cdot 3}{5 \cdot 3} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.4.4

Multiply $5$ by $3$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 5}{15} + \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}} \cdot 3}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 5 + 2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}} \cdot 3}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 18.6.1

Factor $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ out of $4 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 5 + 2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}} \cdot 3$ .

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Step 18.6.1.1

Reorder the expression.

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Step 18.6.1.1.1

Move ${(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 \cdot 5 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} + 2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}} \cdot 3}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6.1.1.2

Move ${(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{4 \cdot 5 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} + 2 \cdot 3 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6.1.2

Factor $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ out of $4 \cdot 5 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (2 \cdot 5) + 2 \cdot 3 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6.1.3

Factor $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ out of $2 \cdot 3 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (2 \cdot 5) + 2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (3 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}})}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6.1.4

Factor $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ out of $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (2 \cdot 5) + 2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (3 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}})$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (2 \cdot 5 + 3 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}})}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6.2

Multiply $2$ by $5$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (10 + 3 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}})}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6.3

Simplify each term.

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Step 18.6.3.1

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (10 + 3 {(2 x - 1)}^{1})}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6.3.2

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (10 + 3 (2 x - 1))}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6.3.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (10 + 3 (2 x) + 3 \cdot - 1)}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6.3.4

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (10 + 6 x + 3 \cdot - 1)}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6.3.5

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (10 + 6 x - 3)}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.6.4

Subtract $3$ from $10$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (6 x + 7)}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + C$

Step 18.7

To write $- 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{15}{15}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (6 x + 7)}{15} - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \frac{15}{15}) + C$

Step 18.8

Combine $- 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $\frac{15}{15}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} (\frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (6 x + 7)}{15} + \frac{- 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 15}{15}) + C$

Step 18.9

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (6 x + 7) - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 15}{15} + C$

Step 18.10

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 18.10.1

Factor $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ out of $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (6 x + 7) - 6 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 15$ .

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Step 18.10.1.1

Move ${(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (6 x + 7) - 6 \cdot 15 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.1.2

Factor $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ out of $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}} (6 x + 7)$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}} (6 x + 7)) - 6 \cdot 15 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.1.3

Factor $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ out of $- 6 \cdot 15 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}} (6 x + 7)) + 2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 3 \cdot 15)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.1.4

Factor $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ out of $2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}} (6 x + 7)) + 2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- 3 \cdot 15)$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}} (6 x + 7) - 3 \cdot 15)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.2

Multiply $- 3$ by $15$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}} (6 x + 7) - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3

Simplify each term.

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Step 18.10.3.1

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({(2 x - 1)}^{1} (6 x + 7) - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.2

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} ((2 x - 1) (6 x + 7) - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.3

Expand $(2 x - 1) (6 x + 7)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 18.10.3.3.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x (6 x + 7) - 1 (6 x + 7) - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.3.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x (6 x) + 2 x \cdot 7 - 1 (6 x + 7) - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.3.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x (6 x) + 2 x \cdot 7 - 1 (6 x) - 1 \cdot 7 - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.4

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 18.10.3.4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 18.10.3.4.1.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 \cdot 6 x \cdot x + 2 x \cdot 7 - 1 (6 x) - 1 \cdot 7 - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.4.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 18.10.3.4.1.2.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 \cdot 6 (x \cdot x) + 2 x \cdot 7 - 1 (6 x) - 1 \cdot 7 - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.4.1.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 \cdot 6 x^{2} + 2 x \cdot 7 - 1 (6 x) - 1 \cdot 7 - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.4.1.3

Multiply $2$ by $6$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (12 x^{2} + 2 x \cdot 7 - 1 (6 x) - 1 \cdot 7 - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.4.1.4

Multiply $7$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (12 x^{2} + 14 x - 1 (6 x) - 1 \cdot 7 - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.4.1.5

Multiply $6$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (12 x^{2} + 14 x - 6 x - 1 \cdot 7 - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.4.1.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $7$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (12 x^{2} + 14 x - 6 x - 7 - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.3.4.2

Subtract $6 x$ from $14 x$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (12 x^{2} + 8 x - 7 - 45)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.4

Subtract $45$ from $- 7$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (12 x^{2} + 8 x - 52)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.5

Factor $4$ out of $12 x^{2} + 8 x - 52$ .

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Step 18.10.5.1

Factor $4$ out of $12 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (4 (3 x^{2}) + 8 x - 52)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.5.2

Factor $4$ out of $8 x$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (4 (3 x^{2}) + 4 (2 x) - 52)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.5.3

Factor $4$ out of $- 52$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (4 (3 x^{2}) + 4 (2 x) + 4 (- 13))}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.5.4

Factor $4$ out of $4 (3 x^{2}) + 4 (2 x)$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (4 (3 x^{2} + 2 x) + 4 (- 13))}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.5.5

Factor $4$ out of $4 (3 x^{2} + 2 x) + 4 (- 13)$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (4 (3 x^{2} + 2 x - 13))}{15} + C$

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{2 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 4 (3 x^{2} + 2 x - 13)}{15} + C$

Step 18.10.6

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{8 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (3 x^{2} + 2 x - 13)}{15} + C$

Step 18.11

Combine.

$\frac{1 (8 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (3 x^{2} + 2 x - 13))}{8 \cdot 15} + C$

Step 18.12

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1 (8 {(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (3 x^{2} + 2 x - 13))}{8 \cdot 15} + C$

Step 18.13

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1 ({(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (3 x^{2} + 2 x - 13))}{15} + C$

Step 18.14

Multiply ${(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{{(2 x - 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (3 x^{2} + 2 x - 13)}{15} + C$