Calculus Examples

$- \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}$ as ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = - 1$ and $g (x) = \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}] + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 3

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 3.1

Rewrite $\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ as ${({(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{- 1}$ .

$- \frac{d}{d x} [{({(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{- 1}] + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 3.2

Multiply the exponents in ${({(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 3.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$- \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot - 1}] + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 3.2.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$- \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{- 1}{2}}] + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 3.2.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}] + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 4

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = 1 - x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $1 - x^{2}$ .

$- (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{- \frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 4.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = - \frac{1}{2}$ .

$- (- \frac{1}{2} u^{- \frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 4.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $1 - x^{2}$ .

$- (- \frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 5

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- (- \frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 6

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- (- \frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 7

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- (- \frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{- 1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 8

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 8.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- (- \frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{- 1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 8.2

Subtract $2$ from $- 1$ .

$- (- \frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{- 3}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 9

Combine fractions.

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Step 9.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- (- \frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{3}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 9.2

Combine ${(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{3}{2}}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$- (- \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{3}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 9.3

Simplify the expression.

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Step 9.3.1

Move ${(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{3}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- (- \frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 9.3.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$1 (\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 9.3.3

Multiply $\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}] + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 10

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 11

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 12

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}] + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 13

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} (- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 14

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} (- (2 x)) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 15

Simplify terms.

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Step 15.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} (- 2 x) + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 15.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{- 2}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} x + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 15.3

Combine $\frac{- 2}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{- 2 x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 15.4

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{2 (- x)}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 16

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 16.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 (- x)}{2 ({(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}})} + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 16.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (- x)}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 16.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- x}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 17

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{x}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 18

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- \frac{x}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} + \frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot 0$

Step 19

Simplify the expression.

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Step 19.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $0$ .

$- \frac{x}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}} + 0$

Step 19.2

Add $- \frac{x}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$ and $0$ .

$- \frac{x}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$