Calculus Examples

$\frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

Step 1

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 1.1

Rewrite $\frac{1}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$ as ${({(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}^{- 1}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [{({(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}^{- 1}]$

Step 1.2

Multiply the exponents in ${({(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 1.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{3}{2} \cdot - 1}]$

Step 1.2.2

Multiply $\frac{3}{2} \cdot - 1$ .

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Step 1.2.2.1

Combine $\frac{3}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{3 \cdot - 1}{2}}]$

Step 1.2.2.2

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{- 3}{2}}]$

Step 1.2.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{- \frac{3}{2}}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{- \frac{3}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 1$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} + 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u^{- \frac{3}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = - \frac{3}{2}$ .

$- \frac{3}{2} u^{- \frac{3}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} + 1$ .

$- \frac{3}{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- \frac{3}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 3

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{3}{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- \frac{3}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 4

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{3}{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- \frac{3}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{3}{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{- 3 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 6

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 6.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{3}{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{- 3 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 6.2

Subtract $2$ from $- 3$ .

$- \frac{3}{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{- 5}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 7

Combine fractions.

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Step 7.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{3}{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- \frac{5}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 7.2

Combine ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{- \frac{5}{2}}$ and $\frac{3}{2}$ .

$- \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{- \frac{5}{2}} \cdot 3}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 7.3

Simplify the expression.

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Step 7.3.1

Move $3$ to the left of ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{- \frac{5}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{3 \cdot {(x^{2} + 1)}^{- \frac{5}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 7.3.2

Move ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{- \frac{5}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- \frac{3}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]$

Step 8

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$- \frac{3}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 9

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$- \frac{3}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [1])$

Step 10

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- \frac{3}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}} (2 x + 0)$

Step 11

Simplify terms.

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Step 11.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$- \frac{3}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}} (2 x)$

Step 11.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$- 2 \frac{3}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}} x$

Step 11.3

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{3}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 \cdot 3}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}} x$

Step 11.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $3$ .

$\frac{- 6}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}} x$

Step 11.5

Combine $\frac{- 6}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{- 6 x}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}$

Step 11.6

Factor $2$ out of $- 6 x$ .

$\frac{2 (- 3 x)}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}$

Step 12

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 12.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 (- 3 x)}{2 ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}})}$

Step 12.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (- 3 x)}{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}$

Step 12.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- 3 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}$

Step 13

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{3 x}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}$