Calculus Examples

$\int \frac{\tan (11 \sqrt{x})}{\sqrt{x}} d x$

Step 1

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\int \frac{\tan (11 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{\sqrt{x}} d x$

Step 1.2

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\int \frac{\tan (11 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} d x$

Step 1.3

Move $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\int \tan (11 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) {(x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{- 1} d x$

Step 1.4

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 1.4.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\int \tan (11 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) x^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot - 1} d x$

Step 1.4.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\int \tan (11 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) x^{\frac{- 1}{2}} d x$

Step 1.4.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\int \tan (11 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) x^{- \frac{1}{2}} d x$

Step 2

Let $u = 11 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ . Then $d u = \frac{11}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} d x$ , so $- d u = \frac{- 11}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 2.1

Let $u = 11 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 2.1.1

Differentiate $11 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [11 x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.1.2

Since $11$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $11 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $11 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$ .

$11 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$11 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1})$

Step 2.1.4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$11 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}})$

Step 2.1.5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$11 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}})$

Step 2.1.6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$11 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}})$

Step 2.1.7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.1.7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$11 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}})$

Step 2.1.7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$11 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{- 1}{2}})$

Step 2.1.8

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$11 (\frac{1}{2} x^{- \frac{1}{2}})$

Step 2.1.9

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$11 \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}$

Step 2.1.10

Combine $11$ and $\frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}$ .

$\frac{11 x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}$

Step 2.1.11

Move $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{11}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 2.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int \frac{2}{11} \tan (u) d u$

Step 3

Since $\frac{2}{11}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{2}{11}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{2}{11} \int \tan (u) d u$

Step 4

The integral of $\tan (u)$ with respect to $u$ is $\ln (| \sec (u) |)$ .

$\frac{2}{11} (\ln (| \sec (u) |) + C)$

Step 5

Simplify.

$\frac{2}{11} \ln (| \sec (u) |) + C$

Step 6

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $11 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2}{11} \ln (| \sec (11 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) |) + C$