Calculus Examples

${(x - 1)}^{2} (x - 2) (x - 4)$

Step 1

Rewrite ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ as $(x - 1) (x - 1)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x - 1) (x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 4)]$

Step 2

Expand $(x - 1) (x - 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x (x - 1) - 1 (x - 1)) (x - 2) (x - 4)]$

Step 2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 - 1 (x - 1)) (x - 2) (x - 4)]$

Step 2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) (x - 2) (x - 4)]$

Step 3

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} + x \cdot - 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) (x - 2) (x - 4)]$

Step 3.1.2

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} - 1 \cdot x - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) (x - 2) (x - 4)]$

Step 3.1.3

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} - x - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) (x - 2) (x - 4)]$

Step 3.1.4

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} - x - x - 1 \cdot - 1) (x - 2) (x - 4)]$

Step 3.1.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} - x - x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 4)]$

Step 3.2

Subtract $x$ from $- x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 4)]$

Step 4

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2)$ and $g (x) = x - 4$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 4] + (x - 4) \frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2)]$

Step 5

Differentiate.

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Step 5.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 4$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4]$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) (\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4]) + (x - 4) \frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2)]$

Step 5.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) (1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4]) + (x - 4) \frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2)]$

Step 5.3

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) (1 + 0) + (x - 4) \frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2)]$

Step 5.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 5.4.1

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) \cdot 1 + (x - 4) \frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2)]$

Step 5.4.2

Multiply $x^{2} - 2 x + 1$ by $1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) \frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2)]$

Step 6

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x^{2} - 2 x + 1$ and $g (x) = x - 2$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) ((x^{2} - 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 2] + (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1])$

Step 7

Differentiate.

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Step 7.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) ((x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]) + (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1])$

Step 7.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) ((x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]) + (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1])$

Step 7.3

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) ((x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (1 + 0) + (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1])$

Step 7.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 7.4.1

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) ((x^{2} - 2 x + 1) \cdot 1 + (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1])$

Step 7.4.2

Multiply $x^{2} - 2 x + 1$ by $1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1])$

Step 7.5

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 2 x + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]))$

Step 7.6

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]))$

Step 7.7

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]))$

Step 7.8

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1]))$

Step 7.9

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2 + \frac{d}{d x} [1]))$

Step 7.10

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2 + 0))$

Step 7.11

Add $2 x - 2$ and $0$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8

Simplify.

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Step 8.1

Factor $1$ out of $(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$ .

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Step 8.1.1

Factor $1$ out of $(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2)$ .

$1 ((x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2)) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.1.2

Factor $1$ out of $(x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$ .

$1 ((x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2)) + 1 ((x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2)))$

Step 8.1.3

Factor $1$ out of $1 ((x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2)) + 1 ((x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2)))$ .

$1 ((x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2)))$

Step 8.2

Multiply $(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$ by $1$ .

$(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x - 2) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.3

Reorder terms.

$(x - 2) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 8.4.1

Expand $(x - 2) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$x \cdot x^{2} + x (- 2 x) + x \cdot 1 - 2 x^{2} - 2 (- 2 x) - 2 \cdot 1 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 8.4.2.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 8.4.2.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 8.4.2.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{1} x^{2} + x (- 2 x) + x \cdot 1 - 2 x^{2} - 2 (- 2 x) - 2 \cdot 1 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.2.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{1 + 2} + x (- 2 x) + x \cdot 1 - 2 x^{2} - 2 (- 2 x) - 2 \cdot 1 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.2.1.2

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$x^{3} + x (- 2 x) + x \cdot 1 - 2 x^{2} - 2 (- 2 x) - 2 \cdot 1 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.2.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{3} - 2 x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 - 2 x^{2} - 2 (- 2 x) - 2 \cdot 1 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.2.3

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 8.4.2.3.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{3} - 2 (x \cdot x) + x \cdot 1 - 2 x^{2} - 2 (- 2 x) - 2 \cdot 1 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.2.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + x \cdot 1 - 2 x^{2} - 2 (- 2 x) - 2 \cdot 1 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.2.4

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + x - 2 x^{2} - 2 (- 2 x) - 2 \cdot 1 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.2.5

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + x - 2 x^{2} + 4 x - 2 \cdot 1 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.2.6

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + x - 2 x^{2} + 4 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.3

Subtract $2 x^{2}$ from $- 2 x^{2}$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + x + 4 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.4

Add $x$ and $4 x$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + (x - 2) (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 8.4.5.1

Expand $(x - 2) (2 x - 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 8.4.5.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + x (2 x - 2) - 2 (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.5.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + x (2 x) + x \cdot - 2 - 2 (2 x - 2))$

Step 8.4.5.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + x (2 x) + x \cdot - 2 - 2 (2 x) - 2 \cdot - 2)$

Step 8.4.5.2

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 8.4.5.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 8.4.5.2.1.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + 2 x \cdot x + x \cdot - 2 - 2 (2 x) - 2 \cdot - 2)$

Step 8.4.5.2.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 8.4.5.2.1.2.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + 2 (x \cdot x) + x \cdot - 2 - 2 (2 x) - 2 \cdot - 2)$

Step 8.4.5.2.1.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + 2 x^{2} + x \cdot - 2 - 2 (2 x) - 2 \cdot - 2)$

Step 8.4.5.2.1.3

Move $- 2$ to the left of $x$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + 2 x^{2} - 2 \cdot x - 2 (2 x) - 2 \cdot - 2)$

Step 8.4.5.2.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + 2 x^{2} - 2 x - 4 x - 2 \cdot - 2)$

Step 8.4.5.2.1.5

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + 2 x^{2} - 2 x - 4 x + 4)$

Step 8.4.5.2.2

Subtract $4 x$ from $- 2 x$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (x^{2} - 2 x + 1 + 2 x^{2} - 6 x + 4)$

Step 8.4.6

Add $x^{2}$ and $2 x^{2}$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (3 x^{2} - 2 x + 1 - 6 x + 4)$

Step 8.4.7

Subtract $6 x$ from $- 2 x$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (3 x^{2} - 8 x + 1 + 4)$

Step 8.4.8

Add $1$ and $4$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + (x - 4) (3 x^{2} - 8 x + 5)$

Step 8.4.9

Expand $(x - 4) (3 x^{2} - 8 x + 5)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + x (3 x^{2}) + x (- 8 x) + x \cdot 5 - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10

Simplify each term.

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Step 8.4.10.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x \cdot x^{2} + x (- 8 x) + x \cdot 5 - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 8.4.10.2.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 (x^{2} x) + x (- 8 x) + x \cdot 5 - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10.2.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 8.4.10.2.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 (x^{2} x^{1}) + x (- 8 x) + x \cdot 5 - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x^{2 + 1} + x (- 8 x) + x \cdot 5 - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10.2.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x^{3} + x (- 8 x) + x \cdot 5 - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x^{3} - 8 x \cdot x + x \cdot 5 - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10.4

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 8.4.10.4.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x^{3} - 8 (x \cdot x) + x \cdot 5 - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} + x \cdot 5 - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10.5

Move $5$ to the left of $x$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} + 5 \cdot x - 4 (3 x^{2}) - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10.6

Multiply $3$ by $- 4$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} + 5 x - 12 x^{2} - 4 (- 8 x) - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10.7

Multiply $- 8$ by $- 4$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} + 5 x - 12 x^{2} + 32 x - 4 \cdot 5$

Step 8.4.10.8

Multiply $- 4$ by $5$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} + 5 x - 12 x^{2} + 32 x - 20$

Step 8.4.11

Subtract $12 x^{2}$ from $- 8 x^{2}$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x^{3} - 20 x^{2} + 5 x + 32 x - 20$

Step 8.4.12

Add $5 x$ and $32 x$ .

$x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 3 x^{3} - 20 x^{2} + 37 x - 20$

Step 8.5

Add $x^{3}$ and $3 x^{3}$ .

$4 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 - 20 x^{2} + 37 x - 20$

Step 8.6

Subtract $20 x^{2}$ from $- 4 x^{2}$ .

$4 x^{3} - 24 x^{2} + 5 x - 2 + 37 x - 20$

Step 8.7

Add $5 x$ and $37 x$ .

$4 x^{3} - 24 x^{2} + 42 x - 2 - 20$

Step 8.8

Subtract $20$ from $- 2$ .

$4 x^{3} - 24 x^{2} + 42 x - 22$